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4,157 results for “Survival.”
Data from: Climate change consequences for differential adult survival and the mating system of a temperate breeding shorebird
<p>Managing for the effects of climate change on species whose populations are currently imperiled requires detailed knowledge of the relationship between their demographic rates and climate variables. We sought this information for the West Coast breeding population of snowy plover (<em>Charadrius nivosus</em>), which was federally listed as threatened in 1993 due to substantial declines in the numbers of plovers breeding along the coast and in the number of sites occupied for breeding. Snowy plovers employ a serially polygamous breeding system in which the male typically tends chicks to independence. This unusual breeding system is favored by male-biased sex ratios in local populations. As part of a multi-species study of the effect of climate change on population growth, we used mark-capture models to examine climate drivers of adult survival for 1,219 snowy plovers banded at Monterey Bay over 38 years and known to overwinter on the surrounding north-central California outer coast. Non-climate variables, including sex and unmeasured annual mortality risks (e.g., predator abundance) were the primary factors affecting adult survival. However, there is evidence that cold weather, particularly extended cold snaps with daily low temperatures below 2˚C and daily high temperatures below 10˚C, decreases overwinter survival. Exceptionally cold winters had a particularly strong effect on adult female plovers, contributing to the male-biased adult sex ratios. Future winter climate on the north-central California coast is projected to be generally warmer with fewer and shorter cold snaps. Reduced mortality from cold winter weather may mitigate other threats faced by plovers, such as anthropogenically enhanced predator populations, habitat loss, and accelerated sea level rise, while altering the adult sex ratio and potentially shifting the evolutionary landscape maintaining the plover's unusual breeding system.</p>
Drosophila survival after infection and Buletin antibacterial activity data
<p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are key players in innate defence against infection in plants and animals. In <em>Drosophila</em>, many host defence peptides are produced downstream of the Toll and Imd NF-κB pathways. Use of single and compound AMP mutations in <em>Drosophila</em> has revealed that AMPs can additively or synergistically contribute to combat pathogens in vivo. However, these studies also revealed a high degree of specificity, wherein just one AMP can play a major role in combatting a specific pathogen. We recently uncovered a specific importance of the antibacterial peptide <em>Drosocin</em> for defence against <em>Enterobacter</em> <em>cloacae</em>. Here, we show that the <em>Drosocin</em> locus (<em>CG10816</em>) is more complex than previously described. In addition to its namesake peptide "Drosocin", it encodes a second peptide generated from a precursor via furin cleavage. We name this peptide "Buletin", and show that it corresponds to the uncharacterized "Immune-induced Molecule 7" previously identified by MALDI-TOF. The existence of a naturally occurring polymorphism (Thr52Ala) in the <em>CG10816</em> precursor protein masked the identification of this peptide previously. Using mutations differently affecting the production of these two <em>CG10816</em> gene products, we show that Drosocin, but not Buletin, contributes to the <em>CG10816</em>-mediated defence against E. cloacae. Strikingly, we observed that Buletin, but not Drosocin, contributes to the <em>CG10816</em>-mediated defence against Providencia burhodogranariea. Moreover, the Thr52Ala polymorphism in Buletin affects survival to <em>P. burhodogranariea</em>, wherein the Alanine allele confers better defence than the Threonine allele. However, we found no activity of Buletin against either <em>P. burhodogranariea</em> or <em>E. coli</em> in vitro. Collectively, our study reveals that<em> CG10816</em> encodes not one but two prominent host defence peptides with different specificity against different pathogens. This finding emphasizes the complexity of the <em>Drosophila</em> humoral response consisting of multiple host defence peptides with specific activities, and demonstrates how natural polymorphisms found in <em>Drosophila</em> populations can affect host susceptibility.</p>
Capture histories of owls with covariates for survival analysis
<p><span>Early life experiences have carry-over effects that manifest in later life stages. Challenging rearing environments result in more energy invested in immediate survival and less energy on growth and maturation, which can decrease survival in both the short and long term. One way to measure differences in energy allocation to growth between individuals is through physiological indices, such as concentrations of the metabolic hormone corticosterone, and body condition. Corticosterone increases in response to challenges to homeostasis and mobilizes stored fat and muscle to meet energetic demands. Maintaining elevated corticosterone can result in poor body condition and decreased survival. Juvenile or pre-breeding age classes are typically a substantial portion of the total population and serve key functions in population dynamics in many long-lived species. Thus, understanding how the rearing environment may influence demographics across life-history stages is crucial to understanding larger population dynamics. Yet, demographic models and conservation planning often lack vital rate estimates for early life stages because, prior to breeding, animals cannot be effectively sampled (i.e., they are unobservable). We used corticosterone concentrations in feathers and body mass of fledged juvenile Northern Spotted Owls (<em>Strix occidentalis</em> <em>caurina</em>) as indicators of potential energetic limitations early in life and used a multi-state modeling framework to quantify the effect of these indicators on apparent annual survival prior to claiming a territory (pre-territorial birds) and the probability of recruiting into the territorial population. Apparent annual survival for pre-territorial birds was higher for birds with greater mass, earlier banding dates, and intermediate levels of corticosterone. Birds with greater mass at banding were also more likely to recruit into the territorial population. Our results demonstrate the importance of early development and traditionally excluded life-history stages on long-term demographics. Although early life stages are difficult to observe, monitoring and conservation efforts may be improved by increasing studies on pre-territorial animals, control of Barred Owls, and conservation of forest structures important for Spotted Owls. This may contribute to increased juvenile survival and recruitment. </span></p>
Development and validation of metabolic models for predicting survival and immune status of hepatocellular carcinoma patients
<p>Supplementary materials for the article titled “Development and validation of metabolic models for predicting survival and immune status of hepatocellular carcinoma patients”</p>
Methods of species pool determination as predictors of survival in seeding and transplanting experiments
<ol> <li><span>Community composition is limited by a species' ability to reach, establish, and survive on a site. Establishment and survival are constrained by both abiotic conditions and biotic interactions that operate together on local scales. They decide which species from the pool will form the community. For this reason, it is very important to clearly define the species pool, against which the community composition is compared. </span></li> <li><span>The effect of biotic and abiotic factors can be assessed experimentally, and the species pool by using estimation methods based on broad-scale observational data. We compared success of five species pool estimation methods in predicting establishment and survival in a seed/transplant addition experiment. </span></li> <li> <span>In four different locations, we added resident and non-resident species to plots with and without competition and</span><span> tested the ability of the species to thrive in both competition-free gaps (constrained mainly by abiotic conditions) and in intact vegetation (complete community filter). In these treatments, we studied the seedling recruitment and survival, and the establishment and survival of pre-grown transplants. The ability of species pool assessment methods to predict species performance in individual treatments was compared. The comparison of results from individual treatments indicates the importance of individual components of the community filter. </span> </li> <li><span>Species pool assessment methods, based on species co-occurrence patterns (Beals index, Favourability, and Unconstrained ordination), were the best predictors of species performance in the intact vegetation but were less successful in the competition-free environment. Methods based on co-occurrence patterns were the most effective for predicting seedling establishment, while seed germination alone and transplant survival were poorly predictable. </span></li> <li><span>The biotic filter was the principal factor defining our community composition, especially for the process of seedling establishment. The roles of biotic and abiotic filters are very difficult to distinguish without an experimental approach and the ratio of their importance changes during plant ontogenesis.</span></li> </ol>
Lesser prairie-chicken habitat selection and survival relative to a wind energy facility located in a fragmented landscape
<p>The overlap of renewable wind energy with the range of lesser prairie-chickens (<em>Tympanuchus</em> <em>pallidicinctus</em>) raises concern of population declines and habitat loss. Lesser prairie-chickens are adversely affected by landscape change, however, it is unclear how this species may respond to wind energy development. Therefore, managers and wind energy developers are currently tasked with making management or siting recommendations of future wind energy facilities based on lesser prairie-chicken behavioral responses to other forms of anthropogenic development or responses of other grouse species to wind energy development. The current strategy of siting wind turbines in cultivated cropland within lesser prairie-chicken range has not been evaluated for its effectiveness at minimizing potential adverse impacts. We captured 60 female and 66 male lesser prairie-chicken from leks located along a gradient from wind turbines in southern Kansas, USA, from 2017–2021. Over the study period, we collected lesser prairie-chicken location data and demographic information to evaluate resource selection, movements, and demography relative to environmental predictors and metrics associated with the wind energy facility. Lesser prairie-chickens used habitats in close proximity to wind turbines, provided that turbine density was low; however, avoidance associated with cultivated cropland appeared to be more predictive than the presence of wind turbines. We observed movement between turbines suggesting that wind turbines did not act as a barrier to local movements. We did not detect an influence of wind turbines on nest success or individual survival during breeding or non-breeding periods, a relationship that is consistent among multiple grouse species using habitats near wind energy infrastructure. Additional research is necessary to evaluate impacts associated with wind energy development in intact lesser prairie-chicken habitats, but placing wind turbines in cultivated croplands or other fragmented landscapes appears to be an important siting measure when considering wind energy facility siting across the lesser prairie-chicken range.</p>
Survival and cause-specific mortality in adult females of a northern migratory ungulate
<p>Survival of ungulates can vary seasonally due to changing environmental conditions, e.g., weather or predation pressure. The wild forest reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus fennicus</em>, 'WFR') migrate between calving and wintering grounds. The annual cycle of female WFR includes four main seasons (wintering, calving, rutting and autumn migration) during which they are subject to different conditions, but almost nothing is known about their survival or mortality patterns. We measured survival in 305 GPS-tagged female WFR in two subpopulations in Finland (2010–2022). Data were analysed for inter-annual and seasonal patterns in survival and cause-specific mortality (predation, traffic, accidents and unknown causes) with known-fate models. Inter-annual survival in Suomenselkä (mean 0.90) showed an increasing trend during the study and was higher than in Kainuu (mean 0.84) which showed a declining trend. Seasonal variation in survival was population dependent. Survival was lowest in Kainuu during the winter while in Suomenselkä, it was lowest during autumn migration. Concerning cause-specific mortality, seasonal variation mirrored variation in predation that was the primary cause of mortality (55% of cases). Wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) killed the majority of predated individuals (58%). Predation rates were two times higher in Kainuu where the wolf density was higher. We provide the first adult survival estimates for WFR and show that the seasonal variation in survival is clearly different between these two northern ungulate populations. This indicates that seasonal variation in survival is determined by site-dependent factors and cannot be generalised across populations.<span class="x_ContentPasted0"> </span></p>
Spatiotemporal variation in pup abundance and preweaning survival of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada (2023)
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Marine mammal populations worldwide greatly benefitted from conservation measures put in place since the 1970s following overexploitation, and many pinniped populations have recovered. However, threats due to bycatch, interspecific interactions or climate change remain, and detailed knowledge on vital rates, population dynamics and their responses to environmental changes is essential for efficient management and conservation of wild populations. In this study, we quantified pup abundance and survival of individually marked harbour seal (<em>Phoca vitulina</em> Linnaeus, 1758) pups during the preweaning period at Bic Island and Métis sites in the St. Lawrence Estuary from 1998 – 2019. We used mark-recapture models to evaluate competing hypotheses regarding variation in daily preweaning survival rates and capture probability during the pups' first 30 days of life. Pup abundance increased from 76 (95% CI: [59, 101]) to 323 [95% CI: 233, 338] in the past two decades at Bic Island and from 66 [95% CI:47, 91] to 285 [95% CI: 204, 218] at Métis. Preweaning survival was generally higher at Bic (0.73 [95% CI: 0.58,0.82]) than at Métis (0.68 [95% CI: 0.52,0.79]). We hypothesize that differences between habitats and human disturbance contribute to lower preweaning survival at Métis, but behavioural studies are needed to understand the impacts of disturbance on mother-pup interactions during the nursing period. </span></p>
When is warmer better? Disentangling within- and between-generation effects of thermal history on early survival
<ol> <li>Understanding the fitness consequences of thermal history is necessary to predict organismal responses to global warming. This is especially challenging for ectotherms with complex life cycles, where distinct life stages can differ in thermal sensitivity, acclimate to different thermal environments, and accrue responses to acclimation within and between generations.</li> <li>Although acclimation is often hypothesized to benefit organisms by helping them (or their offspring) to compensate for negative impacts of environmental change, mixed support for this hypothesis highlights the need to assess alternatives. Assessments that explicitly dissect responses across life stages and generations, however, remain limited. </li> <li>We assess alternative hypotheses of acclimation (none, beneficial, colder-is-better, and warmer-is-better) within and between generations of a marine tubeworm whose vulnerability to warming rests on survival at early planktonic stages (gametes, embryos, and larvae). First, we acclimate parents, gametes, and embryos to ambient and projected warmer temperatures (17°C and 22°C) factorially by life stage. Next, we rear offspring with differing acclimation histories to the end of larval development at test temperatures from 10°C to 28°C (lower and upper survival limits, respectively). Last, we estimate thermal survival curves for development and compare them among thermal histories. </li> <li>We show that survival curves are most responsive to parental acclimation followed by acclimation at embryogenesis, but are buffered against acclimation at fertilization. Moreover, curves respond independently to acclimation within and between generations and respond largely as predicted by the warmer-is-better hypothesis, despite the semblance of beneficial acclimation after successive doses of warmer temperature. </li> <li>Our study demonstrates the varied nature of thermal acclimation and the importance of considering how responses aggregate across complex life cycles when predicting vulnerability to warming.</li> </ol>
Transient acetaldehyde production by SO2 producing S. cerevisiae promotes survival of Oenococcus oeni during co-fermentation
<p>Stuck or sluggish malolactic fermentation (MLF) can be problematic in limiting wine conditions, particularly white and sparkling base musts / wines. In these cases, knowledge of yeast-bacteria strain compatibility and the amount of sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) a yeast strain produces are important considerations for successful MLF.</p> <p>Here, the effects of yeast-derived SO<sub>2</sub> production on <em>O. oeni</em> survival was investigated in laboratory- and pilot-scale co-fermentations in Chardonnay. Further to the <em>S</em>. <em>cerevisiae</em> strain affecting <em>O. oeni</em> survival and MLF, we show that SO<sub>2</sub> production by yeast (to approximately 65 mg/L) can be uncoupled from <em>O. oeni </em>survival in early stages of co-fermentation. Bacterial survival with certain SO<sub>2</sub>-producing yeast strains was correlated with early, transient formation of a high concentration of acetaldehyde. Upon co-inoculation, an extremely low concentration range (approximately 1–44 µg/L) of calculated molecular SO<sub>2</sub> is indicated to regulate <em>O</em>. <em>oeni</em> survival. <span>Possible strain-dependent sensitivity of <em>O. oeni</em> to bound SO<sub>2</sub> may also occur, although the extent and nature of such inhibition by the SO<sub>2</sub> adduct itself during co-fermentation remains unclear. </span></p> <p><span>Choice of co-inoculation yeast strain also influenced wine diacetyl concentration, </span>which was only detected in wines co-inoculated with high-SO<sub>2</sub>-producing <em>S. cerevisiae </em>strains. <span>These wines also had comparatively high citation frequency for a buttery sensory attribute. </span>Both the SO<sub>2</sub> and acetaldehyde production capacity of yeasts are therefore seen as meaningful co-inoculation selection criteria. <span>The range of yeast strains suitable for MLF induction by co-inoculation could be widened to include SO<sub>2</sub>-producing strains which transiently produce an early, high concentration of acetaldehyde. Reliance on total / bound SO<sub>2</sub> concentration may also potentially provide an inaccurate measure of SO<sub>2</sub> toxicity towards <em>O. oeni</em>, particularly for co-inoculation, and the impact of low, equilibrium concentrations of molecular SO<sub>2</sub> should also be considered. </span></p>
Effects of proline on survival, locomotion, and amino acid haemolymph composition of Osmia cornuta (Latreille, 1805)
<p>This repository contains data of survival, feed intake, behaviour and concentration of haemolymph amino acids of mason bees (<em>Osmia cornuta</em> Latreille) fed artificial diets made of sucrose only (control group) or sucrose solution enriched with 10mM proline (proline group). </p>
Database containing Raw Data of Growth and Survival of Pathogens and Microbiota from Fate Studies in Artisanal Fermented Foods
<p>Deliverable 5.5 is a spreadsheet containing metadata and raw data obtained from the fate studies conducted in Workpackage 5. In case of reutilisation of these data, the source should be properly cited.</p>
A major myna problem; invasive predator removal benefits female survival and population growth of a translocated island endemic
<p>Invasive predators are a major driver of extinctions and continue to threaten native populations worldwide. Island eradications of (mostly mammalian) invasive predators have facilitated the reestablishment of numerous island-endemic populations. Other invasive taxa, such as some predatory birds, could pose a more persistent threat due to their ability to fly and actively re-invade even remote and isolated islands. However, the impact of invasive predatory birds has been largely overlooked. We report on a novel sex-specific impact of an invasive-nest predator, the common myna (<span><em>Acridotheres</em> <em>tristis</em></span>), on a reintroduced population of Seychelles warblers (<span><em>Acrocephalus</em> <em>sechellensis</em></span>); translocated from Cousin Island to Denis Island in 2004. Regular post-translocation monitoring revealed that female mortality was 20 % higher than males, leading to a 60<span>–</span>70 % male-biased population sex-ratio between 2005 and 2015. This was attributed to common mynas inflicting severe injuries to incubating female Seychelles warblers while attempting to prey upon eggs in their nests. These effects likely contributed to the slower-than-expected population growth observed (relative to previous translocations of Seychelles warblers to other islands) over the same period. An eradication programme beginning in 2011 removed all common mynas from Denis by 2015. Subsequently, we observed a balancing of sex-specific survival and the population sex-ratio of Seychelles warblers and, consequently, accelerated population growth. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing the threat posed by all invasive taxa (not just mammals) to island conservation. Furthermore, we show how extended monitoring is needed to identify problems and develop solutions, post-translocation.</p>
Data from: Early-life behavior, survival and maternal personality in a wild marsupial
<p>Individual behavior varies for many reasons, but how early in life is such variability apparent, and is it under selection? We investigated variation in early-life behavior in a wild eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) population, and quantified associations of this behavior with early survival. Behavior of young was measured while still in the pouch and also as subadults, and we also monitored survival to weaning. We found consistent variation between offspring of different mothers in levels of activity at the pouch stage, in flight initiation distance as subadults, and in subadult survival, indicating similarity between siblings. There was no evidence of covariance between the measures of behavior at the pouch young vs subadult stages, nor of the early-life behavioral traits with subadult survival. However, there was a strong covariance between offspring and mothers' flight initiation distance (FID) tested at different times. Further, of the total repeatability of subadult FID (55.3%), more than two-thirds could be attributed to differences between offspring of different mothers. Our results indicate that (i) behavioral variation is apparent at a very early stage of development (still in the pouch in the case of this marsupial); (ii) between-mother differences can make up much of the repeatability of juvenile behavior (or 'personality'); and (iii) mothers and offspring exhibit similar behavioral responses to stimuli, potentially indicating heritability of behavioral responses. However, (iv) we found no evidence of selection via covariance between early-life or maternal behavioral traits and juvenile survival in this wild marsupial. Keywords: animal personality, maternal variance, early-life behaviour and survival, macropods, multivariate Bayesian statistics.</p>
Data from: Differential early-life survival underlies the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a long-lived reptile
<p><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Many ectotherms rely on temperature cues experienced during development to determine offspring sex. The first descriptions of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) were made over 50 years ago, yet an understanding of its adaptive significance remains elusive, especially in long-lived taxa. </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>One novel hypothesis predicts that TSD should be evolutionarily favored when two criteria are met – (a) incubation temperature influences annual juvenile survival and (b) sexes mature at different ages. Under these conditions, a sex-dependent effect of incubation temperature on offspring fitness arises through differences in age at sexual maturity, with the sex that matures later benefiting disproportionately from temperatures that promote juvenile survival.</span></span><span class="eop"><span><span> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>The American alligator (<em>Alligator mississippiensis</em>) serves as an insightful model in which to test this hypothesis, as males begin reproducing nearly a decade after females. Here, through a combination of artificial incubation experiments and mark-recapture approaches, we test the specific predictions of the survival-to-maturity hypothesis for the adaptive value of TSD by disentangling the effects of incubation temperature and sex on annual survival of alligator hatchlings across two geographically distinct sites.</span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span><span> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Hatchlings incubated at male-promoting temperatures consistently exhibited higher survival compared to those incubated at female-promoting temperatures. This pattern appears independent of hatchling sex, as females produced from hormone manipulation at male-promoting temperatures exhibit similar survival to their male counterparts.</span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span><span> </span></span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Additional experiments show that incubation temperature may affect early-life survival primarily by affecting the efficiency with which maternally transferred energy resources are used during development. </span></span><span class="normaltextrun"><span>Results from this study provide the first explicit empirical support for the adaptive value of TSD in a crocodilian <span>and point to developmental energetics as a potential unifying mechanism underlying persistent survival consequences of incubation temperature.</span></span></span></p>
Data from: The CST complex facilitates cell survival under oxidative genotoxic stress
<p><span>Genomic DNA is constantly exposed to a variety of genotoxic stresses, and it is crucial for organisms to be equipped with mechanisms for repairing the damaged genome. Previously, it was demonstrated that the mammalian CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) complex, which was originally identified as a single-stranded DNA-binding trimeric protein complex essential for telomere maintenance, is required for survival in response to hydroxyurea (HU), which induces DNA replication fork stalling. It is still unclear, however, how the CST complex is involved in the repair of diverse types of DNA damage induced by oxidizing agents such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</span></p> <p><em><span>STN1</span></em><span> knockdown (KD) sensitized HeLa cells to high doses of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. While H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced DNA strand breaks throughout the cell cycle, <em>STN1</em> KD cells were as resistant as control cells to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment when challenged in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but they were sensitive when exposed to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in S/G2/M phase. <em>STN1</em> KD cells showed a failure of DNA synthesis and RAD51 foci formation upon H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> treatment. Chemical inhibition of RAD51 in sh<em>STN1</em> cells did not exacerbate the sensitivity to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, implying that the CST complex and RAD51 act in the same pathway. Collectively, our results suggest that the CST complex is required for maintaining genomic stability in response to oxidative DNA damage, possibly through RAD51-dependent DNA repair/protection mechanisms.</span></p>
Associated model data for: Size-selective predation effects on juvenile Chinook salmon cohort survival off Central California evaluated with an individual-based model
<p><span>T</span>his dataset corresponds to the paper "Size-selective predation effects on juvenile Chinook salmon cohort survival off Central California evaluated with an individual-based model" which is in press at Fisheries Oceanography. The abstract for this paper is as follows: </p> <p>Variation in the recruitment of salmon is often found to be correlated with marine climate indices, but mechanisms behind environment-recruitment relationships remain unclear and correlations often break down over time. We used an ecosystem modeling approach to explore bottom-up and top-down mechanisms linking a variable environment to salmon recruitment variations. Our ecosystem model incorporates a regional ocean circulation sub-model for hydrodynamics, a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton sub-model for producing planktonic prey fields, and an individual-based model (IBM) representing juvenile Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus</em> <em>tshawytscha</em>), combined with observations of foraging distributions and diet of a seabird predator. The salmon IBM consists of modules, including a juvenile salmon growth module based on temperature and salmon-prey availability, a behavior-based movement module, and a juvenile salmon predation mortality module based on juvenile salmon size distribution and predator-prey interaction probability. Seabird-salmon interactions depend on spatial overlap and juvenile salmon size, whereby salmon that grow past the size range of the prey distribution of the predator will escape predation. We used a 21-year historical simulation to explore interannual variability in juvenile Chinook salmon growth and predation-mediated survival under a range of ocean conditions for sized-based mortality scenarios. We based a series of increasingly complex predation scenarios on seabird observational data to explore variability in predation mortality on juvenile Chinook salmon. We initially included information about the predator spatial distribution, then added population size, and finally, the predator's diet percentage made up of juvenile salmon. Model agreement improves with added predator complexity, especially during periods when predator abundance is high. Overall, our model found that when the fraction of juvenile salmon in seabird diet increased relative to alternate prey (e.g., Northern anchovy <em>Engraulis</em> <em>mordax</em>, and juvenile rockfish <em>Sebastes</em> spp.), there was a concomitant decrease in salmon cohort survival during their first year at sea.</p>
Data from: Nonbreeding season survival of northern bobwhite in northeastern Colorado
<p>Northern bobwhites have experienced population declines in Colorado and range-wide. Estimating vital rates can provide clues to factors limiting population growth rate. Although recent estimates of breeding season survival in the northwest corner of the northern bobwhite range are available, there have been no recent studies on nonbreeding season survival. We used radio-telemetry to estimate nonbreeding season (Oct–Mar) survival of northern bobwhites at two study sites in northeastern Colorado during winter 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Based on our sample of 157 bobwhites, we found that survival was highly variable between years and was negatively affected by colder daily minimum temperatures and deeper snow depths. Seasonal (6-month) survival during the first year was 0.219 (SE = 0.040) and during the second year was 0.006 (SE = 0.005). We found no evidence that sex, age, or study site influenced survival, and very weak support for an effect of body mass. During our study, there were two extreme winter weather events, during which we found unusually high numbers of non-predation mortality. Overall, northern bobwhite nonbreeding season survival in the northwest corner of their range appears to be generally similar to other regions, except during extreme winter weather events, which resulted in high mortality. We encourage managers to create or maintain vegetation characteristics that will provide shelter from winter weather while also providing abundant food in close proximity.</p>
Individual survival is dictated by group personality in a marsh ecosystem predator-prey interaction
<p>Predator–prey interactions structure ecological communities, and personality can significantly mediate these interactions. Personality expression is often contingent on social context, suggesting that group personality may be key in determining the outcomes of predator encounters. Here we test the influence of individual personality and group composition on survival of the marsh periwinkle, <em>Littoraria irrorata</em>, when exposed to its main predator, the blue crab, <em>Callinectes</em> <em>sapidus</em>, both integral players in mediating the productivity and health of salt marsh ecosystems. Personality varied along a bold-shy continuum and was unrelated to shell length, though neither trait influenced survival when individual snails were exposed to a predator. However, when snails were partitioned into groups differing in personality composition, snails in groups with bold individuals had higher survival than those in groups with none. While group type did not influence the survival of bold snails, shy snails performed significantly better in mixed groups: the presence of a few bold individuals emerged as especially effective in decreasing mortality of shy snails. The effect of personality on predator escape is thus conditional on group personality composition, indicating that social context can directly impact the survival and success of its individual members, with broad implications for community dynamics. </p>
The Middle Dutch Manuscripts Surviving from the Carthusian Monastery of Herne (14th century)
<p>This repository contains the dataset described in the following conference paper:</p><blockquote><p>Wouter Haverals & Mike Kestemont, "The Middle Dutch Manuscripts Surviving from the Carthusian Monastery of Herne (14th century): Constructing an Open Dataset of Digital Transcriptions". CHR 2023: Computational Humanities Research Conference. December 6-8, 2023, Paris, France.</p></blockquote><p>The dataset consists of (automatically created) hyper-diplomatic, digital transcriptions of 18 Middle Dutch manuscripts that survive from the carthusian monastery in Herne in nowadays Belgium (or manuscripts which have meaningful ties with the charterhouse). These manuscripts primarily date to the second half of the fourteenth century and offer exciting possibilities for the analysis of authorship, translatorship and scribal practices in the history of the Low Countries. The transcriptions have been (partly) automated through the use of handwritten text recognition (on the Transkribus platform). This dataset is licensed under a CC-BY 4.0 licence, encouraging the further re-use of this data for all purposes, provided an unambiguous scholarly reference to the paper above is given.</p><p><strong>Content</strong></p><p>Transcriptions for the following 18 manuscripts are included in various formats:</p><ul><li>Brussels, RL, 1805-1808</li><li>Brussels, RL, 2485</li><li>Brussels, RL, 2849-51</li><li>Brussels, RL, 2877-78</li><li>Brussels, RL, 2879-80</li><li>Brussels, RL, 2905-09</li><li>Brussels, RL, 2979</li><li>Brussels, RL, 3091</li><li>Brussels, RL, 3093-95</li><li>Ghent, UL, 1374</li><li>Ghent, UL, 941</li><li>Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, 920</li><li>Paris, Bibl. de l'Arsenal, 8224</li><li>Saint Petersburg, BAN, O 256</li><li>Vienna, ÖNB, SN 12.857</li><li>Vienna, ÖNB, SN 12.905</li><li>Vienna, ÖNB, Cod. 13.708</li><li>Vienna, ÖNB, SN 65</li></ul><p>The contents of the repository have been structured as follows:</p><ul><li><i>transcriptions</i>: transcriptions of the 18 manuscripts in various formats (hyper-diplomatic; i.e. without brevigraph expansion):<ul><li>pagexmls: One file per folium, encoded in the PAGEXML format as outputted by Transkribus. One zip-file per manuscript folder.</li></ul></li><li><i>spreadsheets.zip</i>: detailed metadata on various aspects of the data in spreadsheat format.<ul><li>silent_voices_summary.xlsx: summary statistics at the codex-level (cf. Table 2 in the paper)</li><li>codex_info.xlsx: folium-level metadata</li><li>manuscript_data_metadata.xlsx: text region-level metadata</li><li>manuscript_data_metadata_rich.xlsx: contains the most convenient and complete version of the dataset, including the texts with automatically expanded abbreviations and the linguistic enrichment (lemma's and part-of-speech tags).</li></ul></li><li><i>code</i>: Python notebooks (requiring Python >= 3.8).<ul><li>transduction.ipynb: the notebook for the replication of the abbreviation expansion experiments described in the paper. (See also the configuration file for there tagger norm.json.</li><li>enrich.ipynb: the notebook used for the linguistic enrichment of the expanded texts, on the basis of the PIE(-NLP) lemmatizer. (See also the PIE model file herne-norm.tar, which is used in the enrichment.)</li><li>requirements.txt: third-party dependencies for running the code in these notebooks. Note: enrich.ipynb will require you the Middle Dutch (DUM) model for nlp-pie.</li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>Related data</strong></p><ul><li>The final Transkribus model used to generate the transcriptions will be make publicly available on the platform.</li><li>The accompanying images are released in a separate, restricted access repository on Zenodo, because we were unable to clear the copyright on some of the facsimiles. We will only be able to share these images under very strict conditions.</li></ul><p><strong>Acknowledgments</strong></p><p>Thanks to Anouck Kuypers, Sam Verellen and Frans de Jonge for their work on the transcriptions. The transcription of Brussels, RL, 3093-95 was contributed by Dr. Ine Kiekens. We acknowledge the help of Renée Gabriël and Peter Boot in previous collaborations that relate to the present paper. Finally, we would like to thank Caroline Vandyck who has helped with the finalization of the dataset.</p><p><strong>Funding statement</strong></p><p>This work has been funded by the Flemish Research Agency (FWO) in the context of the project "Silent voices: A Digital Study of the Herne Charterhouse as a Textual Community (ca. 1350-1400)".</p>
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