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671 results for “Tyrannosaurus”
FIGURE 9 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 9. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Right stapes. A, posterolateral view, showing entry of stapes into external otic recess. B, lateral view. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 8 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 8. FMNH PR2081, maxillary and promaxillary fenestrae. Top: anterior portion of right antorbital fossa, lateral view. Bottom: oblique posterolateral view of cast of skull; promaxillary fenestra is visible as a small opening anterior to maxillary fenestra. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
FIGURE 1 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships among theropods and (inset) within Tyrannosauridae as applied herein. Theropod phylogeny based largely on Sereno (1997, 2001) and Norell et al. (2001); uncertain placement of Herrerasauridae reflects information from Langer (2001), and unresolved "Ceratosauria" is based on Carrano and Sampson (1999). Tyrannosauroid phylogeny based on Currie (2000) and Holtz (2001a).
FIGURE 5 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 5. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Skull in posterior view (A, photograph; B, line interpretation of cranial sutures). Scale = 30 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations.
FIGURE 64 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 64. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Trunk ribs, anterior view. A-H, Right ribs for p14 through p22 (p17 not shown). I-R, Left ribs for p13 through p22. Scale = 30 cm. Right p13 fragment is shown in Figure 73. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 62 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 62. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Cervical ribs, lateral view. A-E, right second (axial) through sixth (p6) ribs. F-I, left second (axial) through fourth (p4) ribs. J, Left seventh (p7) rib. K-M, right ninth and tenth cervical (p9, p10) and first dorsal (p11) rib. Scale = 15 cm. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
FIGURE 52 in Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull
FIGURE 52. FMNH PR2081, Tyrannosaurus rex. Presacral vertebrae (p2 through p23), dorsal view. A is axis. Scale = 15 cm. See Appendix 1 for abbreviations. Photographs by J. Weinstein.
20 in Gender-Specific Reproductive Tissue in Ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex
20 um. Demineralized fragments of cortical bone from (E) MOR 1125, (F) chicken, (G) emu, and (H) ostrich are shown. A fibrous character dominates all samples. Scale bars for (E), (F), and (H), 30 mm; for (G), 10 mm. Higher magnification of demineralized CB from (I) MOR 1125, (J) emu, and (K) ostrich CB demonstrates the structural similarity between samples, although the MOR 1125 matrix is highly degraded. Scale bars for (I) and (K), 6 um; for (J), 5 um.
tissue exposed to (I) no primary, (]) antibodies to avian collagen I, or (K) collagenase digestion followed by antibodies to avian collagen I, as described {11). Data in (I), (J), and (K) were collected at 149-ms integration. in Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein
tissue exposed to (I) no primary, (]) antibodies to avian collagen I, or (K) collagenase digestion followed by antibodies to avian collagen I, as described {11). Data in (I), (J), and (K) were collected at 149-ms integration.
Fig. 1 in Analyses of Soft Tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex Suggest the Presence of Protein
Fig. 1. AFM images of partially demineralized bones of MOR 1125 (A to D) and emu (E and F). (A) Phase image of MOR 1125 cortical bone imaged in air; (B) deflection image of MOR cortical bone imaged in phosphate-buffered saline; (0 amplitude image of embedded and sectioned MOR medullary bone imaged in air; (D) phase image of MOR 1125 medullary bone imaged in air (note longitudinal and crosssectional orientation of fiber-like structures at right angles to each other); (E) amplitude image of emu cortical bone imaged in air; (F) amplitude image of emu medullary bone imaged in air.
Figure 4 in Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA
Figure 4. Pie chart of the time averaged census for largebodied dinosaurs from the entire Hell Creek Formation in the study area. Triceratops is the most common dinosaur at 40% (n = 72); Tyrannosaurus is second at 24% (n = 44); Edmontosaurus is third at 20% (n = 36) followed by Thescelosaurus at 8% (n = 15)ı Ornithomimus at 5% (n = 9)ı and Pachycephalosaurus and Ankylosaurus at 1% (n = 2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g004
Figure 1 in Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA
Figure 1. Index map of the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation along Ft. Peck Lake in northeastern Montana, USA. Contiguous outcrops are traceable over an area of about 1000 square km adjacent to Fort Peck Lake shown in blue. Dark orange represents the lower Hell Creek Formation and light orange represents the middle and upper Hell Creek Formation. The enlarged view of the study area is indicated by the rectangle in the northeast quarter of the map of Montana. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g001
Figure 2 in Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA
Figure 2. Stratigraphic divisions of the Hell Creek Formation with stratigraphic details of the upper third (U3) and lower third (L3) sequences referenced in the text and the associated pie chart showing dinosaur abundance. Pie charts I – IV reflect the relative abundance of dinosaur genera based on skeletons (charts I and IV) and individual bones (charts II and III). Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common as Edmontosaurus in the lower Hell Creek Formation. Individual bones of Tyrannosaurus and Edmontosaurus are found approximately in the same order of magnitude within the lag deposits. Key: Pie chart I, dinosaur skeletons in the upper Hell Creek Formation (U3); Pie chart II, dinosaur bones from the ''Doldrum's'' lag deposit at the base of the Apex Sandstone (AS); Pie chart III, dinosaur bones from the ''3B-1'' lag deposit at the base of the Jen-rex Sand; and Pie chart IV, dinosaur skeletons from the lower Hell Creek Formation (L3). Abbreviations: L3lBS, lower basal sandstone; L3.mBS, middle basal sandstone; L3.uBS, upper basal sandstone; L3.lMS, lower mudstone; L3.mMS, middle mudstone; L3.uMS, upper mudstone; U3.AS, Apex sandstone; U3.ibMS, interbedded mudstone; U3.10mS, 10 meter sandstone; U3.uMS, upper mudstone; U3.CZ, coal zone. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016574.g002
Fig. 3 in Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry
Fig. 3. The LC/MS/MS fragmentation pattern from a 68-million-year-old T. rex peptide. (A) The experimental MS/MS spectrum for the T. rex doubly charged hydroxylated tryptic peptide sequence GVQPP(OH)GPQGPR from femur bone extract identified by LC/MS/MS. (B) The synthetic version of the same sequence. All major fragment ions from the experimental spectrum are in very good alignment with ions from the synthetic version, confirming the sequence. This molecular sequencing evidence of protein from a 68-million-year-old fossilized bone demonstrates excellent preservation of the T. rex femur and the high sensitivity of state-of-the-art MS technology.
Fig. 1 in Comment on "Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry"
Fig. 1. Plot of radiocarbon age versus estimated effective collagen degradation temperature for radiocarbon-dated bones from laboratory databases (principally Oxford and Groningen). The line represents the expected calendar age at which 1% of the original collagen remains following a zero-order reaction; almost no bone collagen survives beyond this predicted limit. (Inset) The 99% confidence intervals of amino acid compositions by first two principal component analyses (48% of total variance) for bones from NW Europe aged <11 ky (n = 324), 11 to 110 ky (n = 210), 110 to 130 ky (n = 26), and 130 to 700 ky (n = 31). Pliocene samples are not plotted, as their composition (n = 8) is highly variable and yields of amino acids are low. The orange line indicates a compositional trend observed when compact bone is heated for 32 days at 95°C, which reduces collagen to 1% of the initial concentration [each inflection represents a separate analysis; n = 32)]. The composition becomes more similar to mixed tissue samples (meat and bone meal; n = 32), principally due to the depletion of Gly. An amino acid profile for mammoth is consistent with collagen, unlike the associated sediment sample [data from (11)].
Figure 2 in Tyrannosaurus en pointe: allometry minimized rotational inertia of large carnivorous dinosaurs
Figure 2. RI versus body mass in carnivorous archosaurs. Grey bands indicate the range of changes in RI magnitudes when computed with body widths that were 110% and 90% of the original models.
Figure 1. Dorsal and lateral 3D in Tyrannosaurus en pointe: allometry minimized rotational inertia of large carnivorous dinosaurs
Figure 1. Dorsal and lateral 3D views of carnivorous archosaur body models. The theropods Coelophysis, Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus (bottom to top, at right) span three orders of magnitude in body mass, and exhibit increasing concentration of body mass about the hips and trunk regions with increasing body size. The quadrupedal rauisuchian Saurosuchus (lower left) has a narrow, shallow body, and only half the axial body mass of the comparably long Allosaurus (table 1). These differences in body shape have important consequences for RI and agility. Scale bar, 2 m.
Fig. 2 in Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rex
Fig. 2. CT scans of the fused hadrosaur vertebrae, showing embedded theropod tooth and reactive bone (A–c). Longitudinal slice through the fused vertebrae shows the substantial overgrowth of reactive bone on the outside of the centra, while the articular surfaces remain largely unaffected (A). Two oblique slices through the vertebrae show the embedded theropod tooth in cross-section and the reactive bone that partially surrounds it (B and c). (Scale bars: A, 20 mm and B and c, 10 mm.)
FIGURE 4 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 4. Position vectors for craniocervical muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988) with the head and neck held in a ventroflexed posture. Note that the cranial ventroflexors (B) have their highest capacities for ventroflexive accelerations in this posture (Tables 8, 9). These lateral ordinations enable decomposition of x and y components; lateral (z) components are the same as in a neutral posture (Fig. 2). A, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.) and M. complexus. B, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). C, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.). Muscle vectors and bone outlines follow the shading and dash conventions of Figure 2.
FIGURE 3. Position vectors for M in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 3. Position vectors for M. transversospinalis cervicis (M. trans. cerv.), inserting on the epipophyses of C2 (A, B, C), C3 (D, E, F), and C4 (G, H, I) of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988), and of M. splenius capitis from the axis to the parietals (G, H, I). Note that via points proximal to insertions act as geometric ''origins'' of pull. Insertions and via points through which tendons ran are labeled in A, D, and G. Neutral/slightly elevated, dorsiflexed, and ventroflexed postures are shown from left to right in each sequence. The lateral z components (A, D, and G: dorsal views) were constant for calculating lateral flexion resultants in all postures, whereas x (anteroposterior) and y (dorsoventral) components varied with posture.
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