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FIGURE 6 in A New Family of Large Omnivorous Bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from the Late Eocene of the Fayum Depression, Egypt, with Comments on Use of the Name "Eochiroptera"

FIGURE 6. Bivariate plot of length vs. width of M2 in selected large extant and extinct bats with tribosphenic dentitions (see table 3 for body mass in living taxa). Extant bats include: 1, Saccolaimus peli (Emballonuridae); 2, Taphozous nudiventris (Emballonuridae); 3, Hipposideros commersoni (Hipposideridae); 4, Eumops dabbenei (Molossidae); 5, Hesperoptenus tickelli (Vespertilionidae); 6, Artibeus fimbriatus (Phyllostomidae); 7, Myotis (Vespertilionidae); 8, Vampyrum spectrum (Phyllostomidae); 9, Phyllostomus hastatus (Phyllostomidae); 10, Megaderma lyra (Megadermatidae); 11, Eumops perotis (Molossidae); 12, Macroderma gigas (Megadermatidae).

FIGURE 14 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 14. Carla Kishinami collecting bat skeleton from rubble on floor near the lower end of Māhiehie Cave.

FIGURE 12 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 12. Looking downslope (south) across the entrance pit of Māhiehie Cave. The amphitheater entrance to the main cave is visible below the rim on the right side.

FIGURE 9 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 9. Relative ages of Hawaiian bat fossils from sites where their remains have been dated shown in relation to the time of colonization of the islands by humans; see appendix 2 for specimen records and appendix 4 for detailed locality descriptions for all collection sites. Solid bars indicate dated age ranges; hachured bars indicate estimated age ranges. Footnoted records are as follows: 1Maximum possible age of site, actual age of bat remains younger. 2Star represents 14C dated specimen. 3Older site off scale; 130,000 to ~400,000 ybp; most likely between 320,000 and 400,000 ybp; see text for discussion.

FIGURE 8 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 8. Proximal view of the humerus of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). Anterior is toward the top of the page in each figure.

FIGURE 7. A in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 7. A, Lateral, B, anterior, C, medial, and D, posterior views of the humeri of the holotype of Synemporion keana (on the left in each pair; BPBM 159269) and Lasiurus cinereus semotus (on the right; BPBM 184506).

FIGURE 6 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 6. Anterior view of the lower incisors and canine of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with those of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). The third lower incisor (i3) is absent in the holotype of Synemporion but paratypes preserve this tooth, which is always trilobed.

FIGURE 13 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 13. Fred Stone peers through the gap between the lava slab and wall at the lower edge of the entrance to Māhiehie Cave. The slab obscures the entrance to the main cave passage. The configuration of the entrance and cave creates a possible trap for bats (see text for description).

FIGURE 11 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 11. Skeleton of Synemporion keana embedded in secondary mineral crust on the wall near the downslope end of Māhiehie Cave.

FIGURE 5 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 5. Lateral and occlusal views of the lower dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506).

FIGURE 4 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 4. Lateral and occlusal views of the upper dentition of A, the holotype of Synemporion keana (BPBM 159269) compared with that of B, Lasiurus cinereus semotus (BPBM 184506). Note that a small anterior upper premolar (P2), visible in occlusal view in Lasiurus, is absent in the holotype of Synemporion keana. This tooth is variably present in Synemporion, occurring somewhat more than 50% of the time and sometimes present on one side but absent on the other side in the same individual (see text for discussion).

FIGURE 1 in A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

FIGURE 1. Map of the main Hawaiian Islands showing relative locations of the principle collecting sites of fossil Synemporion keana. See appendix 2 for list of specimens from each site and appendix 4 for detailed descriptions of each site. (1) Makawehi Point dunes; (2) Māhā'ulepū Limestone Sinkhole; (3) limestone sinkholes near Barbers Point; (4) Ulupa'u Head lake deposit; (5) Lua Lolo Piping Cave; (6) Pu'u Naio Cave; (7) Māhiehie Cave; (8) Pu'u Mākua Cave; (9) Ka'eleku Caverns; (10) Crystal Cave; (11) Kahāwaihapapa Cave; (12) 'Ūmi'i Manu Cave; (13) Kahuku Ranch Cave.

FIG. 8 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 8. Roost of Thyroptera wynneae in secondary growth at the Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera, Loreto, Peru. Two bats occupied the dark interior of this dead Cecropia leaf (arrows), which was hanging in understory vegetation by its petiole about 2 m above the ground. One specimen was captured in a butterfly net placed underneath the leaf, but the other bat escaped. Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) is a speciose genus of trees commonly found in secondary vegetation throughout the Neotropics, where hanging dead leaves like this one are abundant in the subcanopy and understory.

FIG. 4 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 4. Dorsal views of the skulls of A, Thyroptera devivoi (ROM 35588♂); B, Thyroptera discifera (AMNH 16686♀); C, Thyroptera lavali (ROM 104026♀); D, Thyroptera tricolor (AMNH 273160♀); E, Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237♂, holotype). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIG. 1 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 1. Right oblique view of the head (A), right wrist with adhesive disk (B), and left hind limb (C) of the holotype of Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237). Note that due to the angle from which image (B) was taken, the adhesive disk on the thumb looks circular, but it is in fact oblong vertically. Photos: Burton Lim.

FIG. 2 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the holotype of Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237). Photos: Burton Lim.

FIG. 6 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 6. Lateral views of the skulls and lower jaw of A, Thyroptera devivoi (ROM 35588♂); B, Thyroptera discifera (AMNH 16686♀); C, Thyroptera lavali (ROM 104026♀); D, Thyroptera tricolor (AMNH 273160♀); E, Thyroptera wynneae (CEBIOMAS 237♂, holotype). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 7. Results of principal components analysis, illustrating the dispersion of specimen scores for male Thyroptera devivoi (filled circles), Thyroptera discifera (open circles), Thyroptera lavali (open triangles), Thyroptera tricolor (asterisk), and Thyroptera wynneae (filled squares). See text for explanation and table 3 for factor loadings and other results.

FIG. 3 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 3. The Yavarí-Ucayali interfluvial region (boundaries highlighted in grey) showing the type locality of Thyroptera wynneae (arrow) and adjacent localities where other thyropterid species have been collected. The inset shows where the paratypes were collected in southeastern Brazil. Numbers are keyed to entries in the gazetteer (appendix 2).

FIG. 10 in Extraordinary Local Diversity of Disk-winged Bats (Thyropteridae: Thyroptera) in Northeastern Peru, with the Description of a New Species and Comments on Roosting Behavior

FIG. 10. Roost of Thyroptera tricolor in the half-unrolled new leaf of a small Heliconia in primary forest at Paracou, French Guiana. The adhesive disks of the roosting bats are visible as dark spots through the translucent tissue of the leaf. The bats themselves (an adult male and three adult females) form a dark mass within their tubular shelter (arrow).