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FIGURES 26–30. Oecanthus phallic sclerites. 26—Oecanthus pallidus n in A new species of Oecanthus and Oecanthus lineolatus Saussure, 1897 from Southern Brazil: species description, including phallic sclerites, metanotal glands and calling song (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae)

FIGURES 26–30. Oecanthus phallic sclerites. 26—Oecanthus pallidus n. sp. pseudepiphallus, dorsal; 27—Oecanthus lineolatus pseudepiphallus, dorsal, 28—posterior lobes of the endophallic sclerite, diagonal, 29—endophallic sclerite, dorsal, 30—ectophallic sclerite, dorsal. Conventions: End.Sc.p—posterior lobes of the endophallic sclerite; MLPs—main body of pseudepiphallus; R—rami; Ps.Ap—pseudepiphallic apodemes; arrows—ectophallic sclerite outer branch settled between posterior lobes of endophallic sclerite.

FIGURES 37–42 in A new species of Oecanthus and Oecanthus lineolatus Saussure, 1897 from Southern Brazil: species description, including phallic sclerites, metanotal glands and calling song (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae)

FIGURES 37–42. Ovipositor, subgenital and supra-anal plates. 37—Oecanthus pallidus n. sp. ovipositor, dorsal, 39—subgenital plate, 40—supra-anal plate; 38—Oecanthus lineolatus ovipositor, dorsal, 41—subgenital plate, 42—supra-anal plate.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil with a distinctive advertisement call pattern

FIGURE 3. Pseudopaludicola giarettai sp. nov., adult male, holotype (AAG-UFU 0312). Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head; ventral view of hand (C), and foot (D). Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil with a distinctive advertisement call pattern

FIGURE 1. Adult male paratopotype (AAG-UFU 0311) of Pseudopaludicola giarettai sp. nov. in life from the Municipality of Curvelo, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro (Leiuperinae: Leptodactylidae: Anura) from the Cerrado of southeastern Brazil with a distinctive advertisement call pattern

FIGURE 2. Pseudopaludicola giarettai sp. nov., adult male, holotype (AAG-UFU 0312). Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of body. SVL = 17.1 mm.

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FIGURE 4. Calling song spectrograms. A in Two new species of Hygronemobius Hebard, 1913 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Nemobiinae) from Brazilian Amazon

FIGURE 4. Calling song spectrograms. A—three chirps of Hygronemobius duckensis sp. nov., the first with 20 pulses and the other ones with 21 pulses; B—nine chirps of Hygronemobius dialeucus sp. nov., first eight with five pulses and the last one with four pulses.

FIGURE 3 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 3. Distribution of 60 calls of five species of Euparkerella (males) along the first and second axes of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from six acoustical variables. Note the five distinct clusters corresponding to five recognized species.

FIGURE 2 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 2. Distribution of 84 specimens of five species of Euparkerella (males and females) along the first and second axes of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) generated from six morphometric variables.

FIGURE 9 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 9. Euparkerella robusta from Mimoso do Sul, ES, Brazil. (A) Oscillogram and (B) audiospectrogram of an advertisement call (ASEC 17693) without frequency modulation. (C) Oscillogram of two pulses of an advertisement call (ASEC 17687) which presents the second amplitude peak and de periodic amplitude modulation at the end of the pulses. (D) Oscillogram, (E) audiospectrogram and (F) power spectrum of an advertisement call (ASEC 17684) which illustrates frequency modulation at the end of the pulses. Note the low number of pulses and their long duration. Audiospectrograms and power spectrums with Window function Hann, amplitude logarithmic, window size 512 samples, overlap 99%.

FIGURE 8 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 8. Distribution of the species of Euparkerella. Euparkerella brasiliensis (circle); E. cryptica sp. nov. (white star); E. cochranae (triangle); E. robusta (pentagon); E. tridactyla (square). White symbols represent type localities; black symbols indicate the provenances of the specimens examined from zoological collections; symbols marked with a cross indicate the provenances of the acoustically recorded specimens. The type locality of E. brasiliensis is not precisely known (Izecksohn 1988) and therefore, not shown.

FIGURE 7 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 7. (A–C) Euparkerella cryptica sp. nov. from Silva Jardim, RJ, Brazil. (A) Oscillogram, (B) audiospectrogram (C) and power spectrum of an advertisement call (ASEC 17678). Note the long duration and the presence of pulse clusters. (D–F) Euparkerella tridactyla from Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, Brazil. (D) Oscillogram, (E) audiospectrogram (F) and power spectrum of an advertisement call (ASEC 17704). Note the long duration and high number of pulses. Audiospectrograms and power spectrums with window function Hann, amplitude logarithmic, window size 256 (B, C) and 512 (E, F) samples, overlap 99%.

FIGURE 1 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 1. Graphical illustration of terms used in the structural and temporal description of advertisement calls.

FIGURE 5 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 5. Euparkerella cryptica sp. nov. from Silva Jardim, RJ, Brazil, holotype (ZUFRJ 13281). Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of the head. Ventral views of the right hand (C) and foot (D).

FIGURE 4 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 4. Euparkerella cryptica sp. nov. from Silva Jardim, RJ, Brazil, holotype (ZUFRJ 13281, adult male, SVL 14.30 mm), in life. Frontal (A) and (B) dorsal views.

FIGURE 6 in A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae)

FIGURE 6. (A–E) Euparkerella cryptica sp. nov. from Silva Jardim, RJ, Brazil. (A) Ventral view of the left hand, holotype (ZUFRJ 13281). The arrow indicates the presence of digital pad and partially overlapped subarticular tubercle. (B) Ventral view of the left hand (MNRJ 85756). The arrow indicates the presence of a single digital pad. (C) Ventral view right hand (ZUFRJ 12851). The arrow indicates the presence of a digital pad and a subarticular tubercle. (D) Ventral view of the left foot (ZUFRJ 12645). The arrow and dashed line indicate the tip of the Toe V reaching near the middle of proximal subarticular tubercle of the Toe IV. (E) Ventral view of the right foot (ZUFRJ 12852). The arrow and dashed line indicate the tip of the Toe V extending beyond the proximal subarticular tubercle of the Toe IV. (F) Euparkerella tridactyla from Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil. Ventral view of the left hand (ZUFRJ 1928). Hand greatly reduced, with triangular fingers; Finger IV vestigial; digital tubercles and pads weakly developed and planar.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 6. Comparative oscillograms (top) and corresponding spectrograms (bottom) of single notes of the advertisement calls on the same time scale in the Boophis ankaratra complex. Species shown are: (A) B. boppa (Maharira); (B) B. miadana (Andohahela); (C) B. ankaratra (Maharira); (D) B. schuboeae (Ambatolahy); and (E) B. haingana (Andohahela). Spectrogram was produced in SEEWAVE using a Hanning window length of 512.

FIGURE 12 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 12. Reproductive behavior of species of the B. ankaratra complex. (A) A typical perch of a male B. boppa preparing to call; (B) a male B. boppa during emission of advertisement call; and (C) amplexus, male not collected, female KU 336829 of B. boppa.

FIGURE 9 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 9. Minimum-spanning haplotype network for the nuclear exon DNAH-3 in the B. albipunctatus group. Ticks on branches represent single nucleotide changes. Branch lengths are not meaningful.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 1. The distribution of species in the Boophis albipunctatus group in southeastern Madagascar. The black dotted line shows the boundaries of Ranomafana National Park (RNP), and partially colored circles indicate syntopy of their corresponding species. The numbered localities are as follows (species occurring at each locality abbreviated as BA, B. ankaratra; BB, B. boppa, BL, B. luciae; BS, B. schuboeae): Within RNP: (1) Maharira (BA, BB; type locality of BB); (2) Valohoaka (BL); (3) Vohiparara (BS); (4) Andranoroa river (BA, BB); (5) Sakaroa (BB); (6) Ambatolahy (BL, BS); (7–8) Imaloka (BB, BL); and (9) Andemaka (BB, BL). Outside RNP: (10) Ambohitsara-Ranomafana (BL); (11) Farihimazava (BA, BB); (12) Soamazaka (BA, BB); and (13) Vohisokina (BA, BB). Note that at Ambohitsara, records also exist for another species of the group (B. albipunctatus) that is not discussed herein.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex

FIGURE 5. Comparative photographs of members of the Boophis ankaratra complex. (A) Boophis ankaratra; (B) Boophis haingana; (C) Boophis miadana; and (D) Boophis schuboeae.