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FIG. 11 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 11. — Ratio diagram comparing MT of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia) to the mean (n = 6-9) of MT of E. hipparionoides Vekua, 1962 from Akhalkalaki. Numbers (1, 3, 4, etc.) refer to the measurements listed in the caption of Table 6.

FIG. 8 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 8. — Ratio diagram comparing fragmentary MC of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia) and from Tsopi (Tbilisi Laboratory collections): numbers (1, 3, 4, etc.) refer to the measurements of Table 2. Collection numbers: Tsopi 1, 58-950; Tsopi 2, 57-24-899; Tsopi 3, 58-1490; Tsopi 4, 13; Tsopi 5, 57-436-28; Tsopi 6, 58-335.

FIG. 6 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 6. — Lower cheek teeth of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia): A, P/4 (no. 6); B, P/4 (no. 4); C, P/2 (no. 6); D, P/4 of E. (Amerhippus) santaeelenae Spillmann, 1938 (V 689), Tarija, Bolivia; E, P S 3362 of E. marxi Reichenau, 1915 from Süssenborn; F, P/2 of E. cf. sussenbornensis from Akhalkalaki (Vekua 1962), no number. Scale bar: 3 cm.

FIG. 5 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 5. — Lower cheek teeth series of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia): A, no. 1; B, no. 2; C, no. 3; D, no. 4; E, no. 5; F, no. 6. Scale bar: 3 cm.

FIG. 3 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 3. — Upper cheek teeth of Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova Cave (Khakassia, Southwestern Siberia): A, M3/ (no. 15); B, M (no. 12); C, P (no. 11); D, M (no. 13); E, P2/ (no. 1); F, P (no. 5); G, P (no. 4); H, P (no. 14); I, P (no. 3); J, M (no. 8); K, M (no. 9); L, M (no. 10); M, P (no. 6); N, P (no. 7); O, P2/ (no. 2). Scale bar: 3 cm.

FIG. 4 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 4. — Upper cheek teeth: A, M of E. (S.) cf. suessenbornensis Reicheau, 1915 from Akhalkalaki (Vekua 1962) (AKHA 1290); B, P of E. (S.) suessenbornensis from Süssenborn (S 876); C, P3/ of E. (Amerhippus) andium Wagner-Branco, 1883, Punin, Ecuador (FAM 11). Scale bar: 3 cm.

FIG. 1 in Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (southwestern Siberia)

FIG. 1. — Simpson's ratio diagram comparing third metatarsals length (MT1), distal articular breadth (MT11), and diaphysis depth (MT4); size [size = (length + width)/2] of upper premolars (P) and molars (M); and protocone length of upper premolars (Pprot.) and molars (Mprot.) in Equus (S.) ovodovi n. sp., Proskuriakova cave (Khakassia, southwestern Siberia) to extant E. hemionus onager, Moorcroft, 1841, E. (S.) altidens Reichenau, 1915 (Süssenborn) and E. hydruntinus Stehlin & Graziosi, 1935 (Staroselie, Lunel-Viel, Dorog).

Fig. 58 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 58. Strict consensus trees from the same analyses shown in figure 57, but excluding taxa with greater than 40% missing data. (A) ordered (22 MPTs, 341 steps) and (B) unordered (10 MPTs, 338 steps). Notation as in figure 57.

Fig. 55 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 55. Coefficients of variation ((st dev * 100) / mean) for approximate area of lower m2 (diamonds) and palatal width (squares) across examined taxa. See figure 20 for taxonomic abbreviations. Sample sizes used to generate each coefficient of variation are listed in parentheses (m2 area, palatal width) below each taxon.

Fig. 52 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 52. Illustration of measurements taken in this study, using ventral view of Crocidura olivieri skull (left), occlusal view of Tabernacle Butte taxon mandible (top right), posterior view of Apternodus gregoryi proximal femur (middle right), and lateral view of Apternodus gregoryi os coxae (bottom right). Measurements are as follows: 1 = M1 length, 2 = M1 width, 3 = palatal width, 4 = palate length, 5 = skull length, 6 = m2 width, 7 = m2 length, 8 = intertrochanteric width, 9 = acetabular width.

Fig. 53 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 53. Palatal width in millimeters across selected taxa. See figure 20 for taxonomic abbreviations and figure 52 for measurements taken. Dots indicate individual specimens measured. Crosses denote extinct taxa. Diamonds indicate 95% confidence intervals of the mean; nonoverlapping diamonds indicate a significant difference at alpha = 0.05, assuming normality.

Fig. 59. Phylogeny from figure 57A in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 59. Phylogeny from figure 57A plotted stratigraphically. Solid lines indicate known ranges; dotted lines indicate ''ghost lineages'' (see text and Norell, 1992). Ghost lineages for unresolved nodes within Apternodus are approximations only. The timescale is taken from Prothero (1998) and Prothero and Whittlesey (1998). Notes: 1, earliest definitive record of the Soricidae is late Uintan (Krishtalka and Setoguchi, 1977; Storer, 1984). 2, Earliest North American record of Apternodus is based on specifically indeterminate teeth from early Duchesnean deposits at Badwater 20, Wyoming.

Fig. 50. UCM 59843, Koniaryctes paulus left mandibular fragment with broken m2 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 50. UCM 59843, Koniaryctes paulus left mandibular fragment with broken m2 from the Powder River Basin, Wyoming in lingual (top) and lateral (bottom) views. Note alveolus for enlarged anterior incisor at left and mental foramen inferior to p4 alveolus.

Fig. 48 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 48. UM 81560, Parapternodus antiquus right mandibular fragment with m2m3 from the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming in occlusal (top), lateral (middle), and lingual (bottom) views. Arrow in dorsal view points into remnant of pocketed coronoid process.

Fig. 51 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 51. YPMPU 16521, ventral view of Silver Coulee skull from Park County, Wyoming. Photo by Chester Tarka.

Fig. 47 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 47. CM 13627, mandible of the Tabernacle Butte taxon from locality 5 of McGrew et al. (1959) in occlusal (top), lingual (middle), and lateral (bottom) views. Illustrations by Chester Tarka.

Fig. 46. USNM 22816 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 46. USNM 22816, Oligoryctes altitalonidus maxillary fragment from Pipestone Springs, Montana in lingual (top), lateral (middle), and occlusal (bottom) views. Photos by Chester Tarka.

Fig. 57 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 57. Strict consensus trees from (A) 15character ordered (8 MPTs, 374 steps) and (B) unordered (6 MPTs, 370 steps) analyses. The ordered analysis (A) gives greater weight to only those multistate characters that are optimized consistently (see text and Lipscomb, 1992). Boldface indicates taxa previously considered to comprise the Apternodontidae. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate branch support.

Fig. 45. USNM 516843 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 45. USNM 516843, Oligoryctes altitalonidus skull from Flagstaff Rim, Wyoming. Stereo ventral (right) and dorsal (left) views, (opposite page) anatomical guide to ventral view. See text for abbreviations.

Fig. 54. Estimated m2 in Morphology And Relationships Of Apternodus And Other Extinct, Zalambdodont, Placental Mammals

Fig. 54. Estimated m2 area (m2 length × m2 width) in square millimeters across selected taxa. See figure 20 for taxonomic abbreviations and figure 52 for measurements taken. Dots indicate individual specimens measured. Crosses denote extinct taxa. Diamonds indicate 95% confidence intervals of the mean; nonoverlapping diamonds indicate a significant difference at alpha = 0.05, assuming normality.