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Fig. 4 in A new species of Copionodon representing a relictual occurrence of the Copionodontinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae), with a CT-scan imaging survey of key subfamilial features

Fig. 4. Copionodon exotatos, paratype, MZUSP 121656, opercle and interopercle, right side, lateral view. Abbreviations: OPOD, opercular odontodes; OP, opercle; INT, interopercle. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Fish beta diversity responses to environmental heterogeneity and flood pulses are different according to reproductive guild

Fig. 4. Beta diversity variation among the guilds. The boxes represent the interquartile ranges, the horizontal lines indicate the medians, the bars indicate the minimum and maximum values, and the closed diamonds represent the mean beta diversity of each guild. LMEF: long-distance migratory and external fertilization; NEFC: non-migratory with external fertilization and parental care; NEFW: nonmigratory with external fertilization without parental care; NIF: non-migratory with internal fertilization; DET: detritivorous; HER: herbivorous; INS: insectivorous; INV: invertivorous; ONI: omnivorous; and PIS: piscivorous.

Fig. 2 in Fish beta diversity responses to environmental heterogeneity and flood pulses are different according to reproductive guild

Fig. 2. Hydrometric-level (a) and environmental heterogeneity (b) variation between 2000 and 2012 in the Paraná River. The horizontal black dashed line indicates the flood level of the floodplain. Source: ANA - Estação Fluviométrica of Porto São José, PR.

Fig. 4 in Physical habitat simulation for small-sized characid fish species from tropical rivers in Brazil

Fig. 4. The velocities and depth comparison between the field measurement and the numerical model for points in 50% cros- s-section width of the Velhas reach (a-b) and in 50% width of the Curimataí reach (c-d).

Fig. 9 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 9. Diagrammatic caudal skeletons in lateral view illustrating the pleurostyle, its relationships (a-c) and early development (d, e). a. clupeoid; b. gonorynchiform; c. cypriniform; d. part of caudal skeleton in lateral view of the cypriniform Catostomus commersoni, 13.4 mm SL (KU:KUI 38655); e. part of caudal skeleton in lateral view of the cypriniform Luxilus zonatus, 8.7 mm SL (KUI uncat.). CC = terminal caudal compound centrum; H3 = hypural 3; naPU1 = neural arch preural centrum 1; naU1, naU2 = neural arch of ural centrum 1, of ural centrum 2 [of the polyural terminology; ural centrum 1 of the diural terminology]; PH = parhypural; Pl = plurostyle; PU1 = PU3 = preural centrum 1, 3; U2+H2 = ural centrum 2 + hypural 2 [= ural centrum 2 of polyural terminology; ural centrum 1 of diural terminology]; U1-3 = ural chordacentrum 1, 2, 3 [of the polyural terminology, each associated with its correspondent hypural].

Fig. 8 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 8. Fossil otomorph in lateral view: a. Carpathichthys polonicus Jerzmanska, 1979; Miocene-Oligocene, Polish Carpathians, Europe (ZPALWr a/2004, holotype). b. Carpathichthys sp. from the same locality and age (ZPALWr N/6116). Photographs courtesy of Małgorzata Bieńkowska-Wasiluk.

Fig. 12 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 12. Abbreviated phylogenetic hypothesis of teleosts (modified from Betancur-R. et al., 2017) with distribution of certain character states discussed in the text. Yellow circle = fusion or ankylosis between medial extrascapular and parietal bones; red triangle = vertebrae anterior to preural centrum 2 with haemal arches and centra fused in juvenile-adult individuals; green square = silvery areas associated with gas bladder; black star = hypural 2 fused with ural centrum 2 [of the polyural terminology; ural centrum 1 of the diural terminology]. N = non applicable.

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Fig. 1 in Divergence in energy sources for Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 1. Map of the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, highlighting the areas sampled in this study. The subsystems sampled were A = Paraná River, B = Baía River and C = Ivinheima River. The numbers indicate sampled sites in each subsystem.

Fig. 7 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 7. Caudal skeleton of Argentina sialis (SIO 66-4) in lateral view. a. photograph of specimen of 144.2 mm standard length; photograph courtesy of C. Quezada-Romegialli; b. interpretative drawing. Note that the posterior hemi-lepidotrichia of principal ray 10 is displaced. The color orange is used to denote a modified uroneural named pseudopleurostyle herein. CC = compound vertebral centrum; E = epural; H1,3,6 = hypurals 1,3,6; hsPU2 = haemal spine of preural centrum 2; naPU1 = neural arch of preural centrum 1; PR1 = 10,11,19 = principal caudal ray 1,10,11,19; PU3 = preural centrum 3; 'UD' = tendon-bone urodermal; UN = uroneural.

Fig. 6 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 6. Fossil otomorph in lateral view: †Paleodenticeps sp.; Eocene, Mahenge, Tanzania (MB uncatalogued); photograph courtesy of C. Quezada-Romegialli. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

Fig. 3. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of the Ostarioclupeomorpha (= OST-CL; Otocephala) among the crown Teleostei, based on fossil (†) and recent teleosts (abbreviated from Arratia, 1999:fig. 19).

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Fig. 4 in Divergence in energy sources for Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 4. The average percentage contribution of each carbon source in different subsystems. The width of arrows represents the strength of resource utilization in each environment studied (MB = microbial biomass).

Fig. 1 in Preface: How far has Neotropical Ichthyology progressed in twenty years?

Fig. 1. Accumulative curve of valid freshwater species described by year from 1977 to 2017 (last 40 years) in the Neotropical region (based on Reis et al., 2003, and Fricke et al., 2018), showing an increased rate of species description in the beginning of the twenty-first century, and the estimate number of total valid species for the region based on Jackknife 1.

Fig. 6. a in Phylogenetic relationships of Chanidae (Teleostei: Gonorynchiformes) as impacted by Dastilbe moraesi, from the Sanfranciscana basin, Early Cretaceous of Brazil

Fig. 6. a. Maxilla of Dastilbe moraesi (CPUFMT 734), lateral view, anterior to left; b. Maxilla and premaxilla of Dastilbe crandalli, uncatalogued specimen, lateral view, anterior to left; c. Maxilla and premaxilla of Chanos chanos, ANSP 63199, lateral view, anterior to left. d. Jaws and suspensorium of Dastilbe moraesi (CPUFMT 730, 30.0 mm TFL), lateral view, anterior to left. Synapomorphies of Chanoidei observed are: 1-Large, very broad, concave-convex premaxilla, with long oral process; 2- posterior region of the maxilla expanded in a bulbous outline; 3- quadrate-mandibular articulation anteriorly displaced, anterior to orbit; 4- symplectic elongated; 5- metapterygoid process of hyomandibula present on its anterior border.

Fig. 7 in The changing course of the Amazon River in the Neogene: center stage for Neotropical diversification

Fig. 7. Growth of mega-wetlands in northern South America. Geological time scale at top. Eustatic sea-level estimates from Zachos et al. (2001). Area estimates of for Atlantic and Caribbean draining mega-wetlands from paleogeographic reconstructions in Wesselingh, Hoorn (2010) and Hoorn et al. (2017), and for the Orinoco basin by Jaramillo et al. (2017). Caribbeandraining Andean foreland basins in orange; Atlantic-draining basins contributing to transcontinental Amazon in yellow. Areas estimated using ImageJ (Abràmoff et al., 2004). Curves smoothed using a third-order Bezier Spline.

Fig. 3 in Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998

Fig. 3. Lower jaw of a. Kryptolebias brasiliensis (modified from Costa, 2004), b. Pterolebias longipinnis, c. Papiliolebiass bitteri, d. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, e. Austrolebias juanlangi, f. Austrolebias wolterstorffi; aad = anguloarticular dorsal process, aav = anguloarticular ventral process, d = dentary, r = retroarticular. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 8 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 8. Relationships of interorbital width to head length in Paralichthys californicus, P. dentatus, P. lethostigma, P. oblongus, P. orbignyanus, P. squamilentus, P. triocellatus, P. tropicus and P. woolmani.

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Fig. 3 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 3. Skeleton of the precaudal vertebrae region of Paralichthys isosceles (a); P. orbignyanus (b and d); and P. patagonicus (c). See abbreviations in text. Scale bar indicates 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998

Fig. 10. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Austrolebias, based on the molecular markers (ribosomal unit 16s, Cytochrome b, RAG1, Glyt). Values above branches are posterior probabilities. Colored areas same as Fig. 12.