Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 10 in Palaeobiogeographical implications of the first fossil wood flora from the Jurassic of Turkey

Fig. 10. Wood sections of Xenoxylon hopeiense Chang, 1929 (ISTO-FW-00243) from Jurassic of the Yesilbaglar locality of the province of Erzurum, Turkey. A1–A3, tangential sections with predominantly uniseriate and rarely partly biseriate rays; A4, intertracheary pits on the tangential walls of tracheids; A5, A6, mostly flattened xenoxylean type intertracheary pits on radial walls of tracheids.

Fig. 7 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 7. Comparison of molars between of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M2) in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views; lower molars (m1–m3) in occlusal (A3) and lingual (A4) views (modified from Mao et al. 2020). B. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M4) in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; lower molars (m1–m4) in occlusal (B3) and lingual (B4) views. Image in B1 has been vertically reversed for convenience of comparison. The lower teeth (m1–m4) in B3 and B4 were composite from better preserved left m2–m3 (reversed) and right dentitions (m1, m4). The angular lines indicate the symmetrical (O. lii) and asymmetrical (L. sheni) crown outline and the embrasure.

Fig 6 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig 6. Comparison of the mandibular morphologies of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (holotype, HG-M016) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Shangheshou area, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; posterior portion of the right mandible in buccal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; right mandible in buccal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. The mandible in B was slightly displaced at the crack (marked with the arrow) and has been digitally restored (see Mao et al. 2020).

Fig. 2 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 2. CT-images of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016, from Aprian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Holotype (HG-M016) from Shangheshou area; A1, virtual skull remains with the lingual side of the right mandible exposed (see Han and Meng 2016: fig. 1); A2, virtual skull remains with the lateral side of the right mandible exposed (this side of the skull is embeded in the matrix and not visible except for the part of cheek teeth that were needle-prepared from the back side of the slab (Han and Meng 2016: figs. 1, 5); A3, a CT-slice showing the contrast of bone and matrix and revealing the roots of some teeth. B. ZGY0053 from Dapingfang, a CT-section through the skull (showing the root conditions). Note there is no tooth germ under any cheek teeth in both specimens in A3 and B.

Fig. 7 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 7. Ornamentations on the growth bands in extant spinicaudatans species of Cyzicus Audouin, 1837, Ozestheria Schwentner, Just, and Richter, 2015, and Diestheria longinqua Chen in Zhang et al., 1976. A. Carapace of Ozestheria pilosa (Rogers, Thaimuangphol, Saengphan, and Sanoamuang, 2013), from Thailand (after Rogers et al. 2013: fig. 3A). B. Cyzicus gifuensis (Ishikawa, 1895), from Anhui, China, NIPG Cr.121, male; ornamentation in the ventral part of the carapace (B1) and near the ventral margin of carapace (B2); radial lirae along the lower margin of each growth band (B3). in ornamentations might suggest a close affinity between The carapaces of the family Limnadiidae are thin and hermaphroditic Cyzicus and Aquilonoglypta as suggested by lightly mineralized, which commonly resulted in a reticulate Astrop and Hegna (2015). depressiononthecarapacesurface, suchas Eulimnadiatexana The transition pattern from reticulation to lirae in the Packard, 1871 (Astrop 2014). However, the carapace surfaces ventral part of the carapace in the Ozestheria differs from of most species of Eulimnadia are unornamented (smooth the Cyzicus which has the large undeveloped reticulation. surface pattern). This pattern also occurs in Metalimnadia Australian species of Ozestheria had reticulation, granulated serratus Mattox, 1952, Paralimnadia badia (Wolf, 1911) and ornaments, or a combination of punctae and lirae (Timms some Triassic fossil species of Paleolimnadiidae (Table 1). 2018). The ornamentation pattern of O. pilosa was similar The fossil family Palaeolimnadiopsidae is characterized by to species of Diestheriidae, in which transversely enlarged the recurvature of growth lines to form carinate at the posreticulation overlapped on the lirae ornamentation of each terior-dorsal marginal junction of the carapace. This feature growth band of the carapace (Rogers et al. 2013). The larger has also been observed in living species of Limnadopsis. secondary reticulation was likely originated from the in- The ornamentation documented for Palaeolimnadiopsidae tra-cuticular layer rather than the reticulation from procuti- ranged from reticulation to reticulation-lirae combination. cle (Astrop 2014). The ornamentation pattern in Ozestheria However, the ornamentation possessed by Limnadopsis ocsp. (males, Fig. 1A5), including punctae-reticulation-lirae cidentalis Timms, 2009, is nodular (Astrop 2014). Imnadia combination, the transition from reticulation to lirae, and yeyetta Hertzog, 1935, was reported to exhibit punctae ornathe larger undeveloped reticulation, is in line with that of mentation (Astrop 2014). Nevertheless, this pattern was not fossil species Triglypta yabraiensis Wang, 2014 (Wang 2014: mentioned in the original descriptions of the fossil families pl. 2: 2). The close morphological resemblance of ornamen- Paleolimnadiidae, Palaeolimnadiopsidae or Perilimnadiidae. tations and carapace shape suggests that Ozestheria might The phenotypic differentiation of ornamentation pattern is be closely related to Triglypta or Tianzhuestheria. a model to investigate morpho-functional adaptation to some

Fig. 6 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 6. Carapaces and ornamentations of representatives of the extant spinicaudatan family Leptestheriidae. A. Leptestheria kawachiensis Uéno, 1927, from Hubei, China, NIGP Cr. 101, male, lateral view; left valve, oval outline (A1); growth bands in the upper part of carapace with wide radial fringes pattern (A2). B. Eoleptestheria ticinensis (Balsamo-Crivelli, 1859), from Jiangsu, China, NIGP Cr. 61, male, lateral view; right valve, oval outline (B1); growth bands in the ventral part of carapace with shallow fringes pattern, never developing reticulation or punctae between fringes (B2); details of ventral growth bands with shallow fringes pattern separated with smooth surface (B3, B4).

Fig. 4 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 4. Ornamentations on the growth bands in the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Eulimnadia sp. and the extant laevicaudatan branchiopod Lynceus sp. A, B. Eulimnadia sp., from Jiangxi, China. A. NIGP Cr. 161, male, carapace in lateral view. B. NIGP Cr. 162, female, unornamented area near the ventral margin. C, D. Lynceus sp., from Heilongjiang, China. C. NIGP Cr. 173, male, carapace in lateral view. D. NIGP Cr. 174, female, isogonal reticulate ornamentation in the valve.

Fig. 3 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 3. Ornamentations on the growth bands of carapace of the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Eocyzicus orientalis Daday, 1913, from Xinjiang, China. A. NIGP Cr. 1, male, ornamentation in the upper to middle parts of the carapace (A1), reticulate ornaments in the ventral part of the carapace (A2), dense pilosity on the growth lines near the edge of the carapace (A3). B. NIGP Cr. 2, female, ornamentation in the upper to middle parts of the carapace (B1), rows of nodular ornaments in the ventral part of the carapace (B2), stout setae on the growth lines near the edge of the carapace (B3).

Fig. 2 in Sexually dimorphic ornamentation in modern spinicaudatans and the taxonomic implications for fossil clam shrimps

Fig. 2. Ornamentation on the growth bands of carapaces of the extant spinicaudatan branchiopod Cyzicus sp., from Jilin, China. A. NIGP Cr. 141, male, ornamentation in the larval valve (A1), in the middle part of the carapace (A2), large reticulation and the radial lirae along the lower margin of the growth band (A3). B. NIGP Cr. 142, female, ornamentation in the larval valve (B1) and in the middle part of the carapace (B2), weakly ornamented area near the ventral margin (B3).

Fig. 7 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 7. Schemes showing anatomical characters of Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense. A. Tracheid radial pitting patterns (A1, A2). B. Cross field pitting. C. Radial system.

Fig. 21. A–E in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 21. A–E. Stacked bar diagram of Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926, digits analysed (1st–5th toe, respectively), arranged by metatarsal size. Each bar represents the metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each specimen.

Fig. 6 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 6. Podocarpacean wood Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense sp. nov. (CTES-PB 14409) from Upper Triassic, Hilario Creek, San Juan province, Argentina. Longitudinal radial section. Flattened biseriate and uniseriate pits (A1); flattened uniseriate and biseriate pits (A2); cross fields with phyllocladoid oopores (A3, arrow).

Fig. 4 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 4. Schemes showing anatomical characters of Baieroxylon cicatricum. A. Tracheid radial pitting patterns (A1, A2). B. Cross field pitting. C. Radial system. D. Detail of scar.

Fig. 5 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 5. Podocarpacean wood, Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense sp. nov. from Upper Triassic, Hilario Creek, San Juan province, Argentina. Transverse sections (A1–A3); radial longitudinal sections of earlywood (A4–A10, B); tangential longitudinal sections (A11, A12). A. CTES-PB 14409, the general aspect of the wood (A1), secondary xylem with growth rings (A2), tracheids of late wood (arrow, A3); uniseriate pits and flattened pits (A4, A5), biseriate and alternate pits (A6), uniseriate flattened pits (black arrow) and biseriate opposite pits (white arrow) (A7), opposite pits (black arrow) and subopposite pits (white arrows) (A8), cross-fields with oblique to horizontal phyllocladoid oopores (A9, A10), uniseriate rays (A11, A12). B. CTES-PB 14406, uniseriate pits and flattened pits (B1), mixed pits with a tendency to abietinoid (B2), uniseriate separate pits (B3).

Fig. 22 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 22. Calibrated position of mesosaurs regarding the pattern of growth known for the groups represented. Blue bars represent taxa with isometric growth; purple bars represent those groups where allometric growth is the dominant pattern and grey bars are the groups where we do not have enough information to infer a growth pattern. A. Topology that suggest isometry as the most probable pattern for earliest amniotes. B. Topology that suggest that isometric growth pattern has been independently developed by recumbirostran "microsaurs" and mesosaurs. Simplified phylogenies of basal amniotes were based on hypotheses from Carroll (1995), Berman (2000), Olori (2015), Piñeiro et al. (2015), Liu and Bever (2015), Laurin and Piñeiro (2017), and Pardo et al. (2017). Chronostratigraphy is based on the 2018 Chart of the International Commission on Stratigraphy.

Fig. 17. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 17. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926, metacarpal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metacarpal and phalanx lengths measured in each 1st–5th finger. F. Lengths of all fingers normalized by the respective metacarpal length. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mc, metacarpals; p1–p5, phalanges.

Fig. 13 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 13. Interpretive drawings of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, showing ontogenetic transformation in the tarsus formation in specimens preserving epipodial, mesopodial, and metapodial elements (after Piñeiro et al. 2016). A. FC-DPV 2504. B. AMNH 23799. C. SMF-R 4513-young. D. GP-2E 272. E. AMNH 23795. F. SMF-R 4496. G. SMF-R 4513-older. H. PIMUZ A-III 591. I. MN 4741. J. SMF-R 4934. K. GP-2E 114. L. PF IPL 220011/04 770. M. GP/2E 6519-E. N. GP/2E 6519-A. O. SMF-R 4470. P. SMF-R 4528. Q. GP-2E 657b. R. FC-DPV 2058. S. GP-2E 5740. T. SMF-R 4477. Specimens A, D–I, K, M, O–S were previously analysed by Piñeiro et al. (2016).

Fig. 12 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 12. Interpretive drawings showing variation of the carpus structure through the growth of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. A. SMF-R 4485, left (A1) and right (A2) manus of a very immature individual, where just three rounded, featureless bones (intermedium, ulnare, and possible lateral centrale) are present in the carpus. B. MN 7148 showing a more mature carpus and a small possible pisiforme (in red) present close to the ulnare carpal bone. C. MCN-PV 2238A, part (C1) and MCN-PV 2238B, counterpart (C2) of left manus showing the radiale (in blue) close to completing its fusion to the centralia. D. SMF-R 4528, specimen showing the most common carpus structure found in the available materials, where the intermedium and the centralia complex place closer together to finally fuse each other. A small radiale is still present (in blue). E. SMF-R 4710, right (E1) and left (E2) manus of an adult mesosaur with the intermedium and the centralia plus radiale complex yet not fused. A small possible pisiform (in red) is present only in the right manus and absent from the left. F. MNHN AC 1865-77A, right (F1) and left (F2) manus of the type specimen, where an incipient fusion of the intermedium with the centralia plus radial complex can be observed. There seem to be five distal carpals although the fifth is indeed very small. Also, there can be a pisiforme, but the manus in this specimen have been exposed to partial degradation by the action of scavengers that damaged some of the smallest bones. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 9. Lengths of femora vs. zeugopodia in Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Statistical parameters are shown in Fig. 7. Drawings (A–T) represent stages in the tarsal ontogeny of embryonic to adult mesosaurs following Piñeiro et al. (2016), see also Fig. 12. A, FC-DPV 2504; B, AMNH 23799; C, SMF- R4513-young; D, GP-2E 272; E, AMNH 23795; F, SMF-R 4496; G, SMF-R 4513-older; H, SMF-R 4934; I, MN 4741; J, PIMUZ A-III 591; K, GP-2E 114; L, GP/2E 6519-E; N, GP/2E 6519-A; O, SMF-R 4470; P, SMF-R 4528; Q; GP-2E 657b; R, FC-DPV 2058; S, GP-2E 5740; T, SMF-R 4477. Specimens A, D–I, K, M, O–S were previously analysed by Piñeiro et al. (2016).

Fig. 8 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 8. Relationship between the lengths of different forelimb and hindlimb bones (A, metacarpal vs. humerus; B, metacarpal vs. femur; C, humerus vs. femur; D, zeugopodia vs. humerus) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. The respective statistical parameters are provided in Fig. 7. Abbreviations: CI–CV, metacarpals; TI–TV, metatarsals.