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Figure 7 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity
Figure 7. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Capra sibirica (A–B; AMNH 54906), Ovis canadensis (C–D; YPM 7376), Naemorhedus goral (E–F; AMNH 43033), and Oreamnos americanus (G–H; AMNH 128105), illustrating frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horn sheaths have not been rendered in A–D and G–H. Scale bars: 5 cm.
Figure 2 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity
Figure 2. Phylogeny of Bovidae based on a composite supertree constructed as indicated in the text. Taxa with frontal sinuses are in black; taxa without sinuses are in white. States between nodes were inferred using ancestral parsimony state reconstruction. *Taxa that engage in ramming behaviour (data from Caro et al., 2003).
Figure 4 in Evolution and functional morphology of the frontal sinuses in Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla), and implications for the evolution of cranial pneumaticity
Figure 4. Digital reconstructions from computed tomography (CT) scan data of the skulls of Damaliscus lunatus (A–B; YPM 9586) and Antidorcas marsupialis (C–D; AMNH 233055), illustrating the frontal sinuses and related anatomy. Skulls are shown in lateral (A, C) and dorsal (B, D) views. The boxed areas indicate the region of the skull that has been rendered partially transparent in order to visualize the anatomy of the frontal sinuses. The horns have been truncated in C and D. Scale bars: 5 cm.
Figure 4. Comparative metriorhynchid cranial morphology. A in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics
Figure 4. Comparative metriorhynchid cranial morphology. A, Eoneustes gaudryi comb. nov., holotype, NHM R.3353. B, Geosaurus araucanensis, holotype, MLP 72-IV-7-1. C, Cricosaurus suevicus, lectotype, SMNS 9808. D, Enaliosuchus schroederi, holotype, MMGLV#. E, Suchodus durobrivensis, referred specimen, NHM R.2618. F, Metriorhynchus superciliosus, referred specimen, MNHN 1908-6. G, Geosaurus giganteus, referred specimen, NHM 37020. H, Dakosaurus maximus, neotype, SMNS 8203. Scale bars: 20 mm. We thank N. Knötschke for photograph (D), and P. Hurst and P.M. Barrett for photograph (G).
Figure 6 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of 63 spirotrichous taxa, showing the position of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. (boxed), and the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa possessing midventral cirral rows (i.e. urostylids s.l.; branches are depicted by thick lines, and species names are highlighted in bold text). Nodal support for branches in the ML, Bayesian inference (BI), and neighbour-joining (NJ) trees are marked in order. Bootstrap values lower than 50% and Bayesian posterior probabilities lower than 0.70 are replaced with hyphens. Clades with different topologies in the NJ tree relative to the ML and BI trees are indicated with asterisks. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. Phacodinium and Protocruzia were taken as out-group taxa.
Figure 3 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 3. Ventral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. in morphogenesis (A–D) and regeneration (E–H), after impregnation with protargol. A, an early divider, showing the oral primordium (arrow) and fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowhead) of the proter. The double arrowheads mark the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which comes from the posteriormost FVT streak. B, the same specimen as shown in (A), showing the enlarged macronuclear nodules and the formation of the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrows). C, an individual at a late stage of division, with all cirri developed; note the structures that will respectively form the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads) and the delicate left ventral cirri (arrows). The double arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, the differentiating marginal row (arrows) and dorsal kineties; note that the macronuclear nodules are separating. E, F, an early reorganizer, showing the oral primordium (arrow in E), FVT streak (arrowhead), nonmigratory row (double arrowheads) and dorsal kinety anlagen; the arrows in (F) indicate the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows, which are derived within the parental structure. G, H, a middle-stage reorganizer, with a further proliferation of kinetosomes, showing the first frontal cirrus (arrow in G) generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, the basal bodies developed from FVT streaks (arrowhead), the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowheads), and the anlagen for the right and left marginal rows (arrows in H). Abbreviations: DK, dorsal kineties; DKA, dorsal kinety anlagen. Scale bars: 40 Mm.
Figure 2 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 2. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. from life. A, ventral view of a specimen. B, C, ventral view of slender and fat forms; the arrow indicates the wide and bright oral field. D, lateral view. E, F, lateral (E) and dorsal (F) views, showing the distribution of the granules; the arrows mark the granule rows near the base of each marginal cirrus, the arrowheads point to the granule rows along with midventral rows, and the double arrowheads mark the granule bands in the gap between the somatic kineties. G, H, showing the cortical granules (arrows), the fibres associated with cirri (arrowheads), and a dorsal cilium (double arrowheads). I, focusing on the oral field; note the paroral membrane (arrowhead) and the endoral membrane (arrow). J, the cortical granules (arrow) near the base of marginal cirri. K, lateral view of the posterior portion; arrows point to the enlarged postoral ventral cirri. L, globular lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Scale bars: 50 Mm.
Figure 1 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 1. Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. drawn from life (A–C, E–F) and after impregnation with protargol (D, G–J). A, ventral view of a specimen. B, different body shapes. C, section of the ventral infraciliature, showing the fibres associated with the postoral ventral cirri (double arrowheads) and the obliquely arranged left ventral cirri (arrow). D, distribution of cortical granules (arrow) near the marginal cirri. E, F, distribution of the cortical granules on the ventral (E) and dorsal (F) sides; the arrow indicates the granules along the nonmigratory row, and the arrowheads point to the granular rows along the dorsal kineties. G, left lateral side view of the infraciliature. H–I, ventral (H) and dorsal (I) views of the infraciliature; note the enlarged postoral ventral cirri (dashed lines), the frontal cirri (dashed lines), and the three dorsal kineties (arrows). J, ventral view of an early divider; the arrow indicates the oral primordium of the proter, the arrowheads mark the old endoral membranes in dedifferentiation, and the double arrowhead points to the oral primordium of the opisthe. Abbreviations: AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC, buccal cirri; DK, dorsal kineties; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; LVR, left ventral rows; MVR, midventral rows; NMR, nonmigratory row; PM, paroral membrane; PVR, postoral ventral rows; RMR, right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 Mm (A–C, F–J); 15 Mm (E).
Figure 5 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 5. Photomicrographs of regeneration in Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, B, ventral views of middle reorganizers, showing the oral primordium (arrow in A), fronto-ventral-transverse (FVT) anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row (double arrowhead); the arrow in (B) points to the undulating membrane anlagen. C, a middle-stage reorganizer; the arrow marks the first frontal cirrus generated from the undulating membrane anlagen, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. D, dorsal view of the same specimen, showing the anlagen for the left marginal row (arrow) and the dorsal kinety anlagen (arrowheads).
Figure 4 in Morphology, morphogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new marine urostylid ciliate (Ciliophora, Stichotrichia) from the South China Sea, and a brief overview of the convergent evolution of the midventral pattern within the Spirotrichea
Figure 4. Photomicrographs of Bergeriella ovata gen. et sp. nov. after impregnation with protargol. A, infraciliature of the ventral posterior portion, showing the nonmigratory row (arrow), the postoral (arrowheads), and the left ventral cirri (double arrowheads). B, infraciliature of an anterior portion, showing the frontal cirri (arrows), buccal cirri (arrowhead), and the undulating membranes (double arrowheads). C, left lateral view, showing the left ventral rows, and the left marginal row (arrow). D, dorsal kineties, in which kinetosomes become more densely spaced from left to right (arrows). E, dorsal view, showing the anterior portion of the nonmigratory row (arrowhead) and the right marginal row (arrow). F, nuclear apparatus, some with replication bands can be seen. G, H, ventral and dorsal views of an early stage divider, showing the undulating membrane anlagen (arrow in G), FVT anlagen (arrowheads), and the anlagen for the nonmigratory row, which come from the posteriormost FVT streak (double arrowheads) of the opisthe. The arrows in (H) indicate the dorsal kineties anlagen. I, early divider showing the appearance of the oral primordium (arrow) and the enlarged macronuclear nodules of the proter. J, separating ellipsoid macronuclear nodules. K, L, ventral views of a late-stage divider (same specimen), showing the developed cirri of the proter (K) and the opisthe (L); the arrows indicate the migrating postoral and left ventral cirri, and the arrowheads indicate the anlagen for the nonmigratory row. M, dorsal view of the same specimen shown in (K) and (L), showing the anlagen of the marginal rows (arrows) and the new dorsal kineties.
Figure 9 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 9. Hypothetical evolution of trachelocercids based on the scenario shown in Figure 8 (A) or according to oral ciliature pattern (B). The question mark refers to a possible evolutionary path as no molecular data are available for the genus Sultanophrys. The main difference between cladogram A and B is the position of Trachelocerca, which is marked with a frame. The characters used in estimation of the evolutionary relationship are listed in Table 2. Abbreviations: B, brosse; BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; SK, somatic kineties.
Figure 8 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 8. ML tree inferred from the SSU rRNA gene sequences showing the positions of two newly sequenced species (arrow). Nodal support for branches in the ML and BI trees are marked in order. Nodes marked by filled circles indicate full support in both analyses (100% ML, 1.00 BI). Clades with a different topology between the two analyses are shown by an asterisk. Heterotrichea are selected as outgroups. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to 2 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.
Figure 7 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 7. Tracheloraphis similis from life (A–F) and after protargol staining (G–L). A, typical individual; B, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; C, wedge-shaped tail; D, detailed view of middle region to show cytoplasmic granules; E, F, distribution of cortical granules (arrowheads) between somatic kineties and in glabrous stripe; G, general infraciliature, to show two nuclear groups, each of which contains about four macronuclei; H, L, infraciliature of anterior end, indicating circumoral kinety, brosse, glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; I, J, to show nuclear group including four (I) or six macronuclei (J) and micronucleus (I); K, infraciliature of mid-body portion, noting glabrous stripe bordered by bristle kinety. Abbreviations: B, brosse; BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronucleus; NG, nuclear groups; NU, nucleolus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 400 μm in A; 150 μm in G.
Figure 6 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 6. Tracheloraphis similis from life (A–D) and after protargol staining (E–H). A, typical individual; B, wedgeshaped tail; C, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; D, distribution of cortical granules between somatic kineties and in glabrous stripe; E, F, infraciliature of anterior end, indicating circumoral kinety, brosse, bristle kinety, glabrous stripe and anterior secant system forming on left side of it (arrowheads); G, H, general infraciliature, noting two nuclear groups, each of which contains about four macronuclei; arrowheads point to secant system on left side of glabrous stripe. Abbreviations: B, brosse; BK, bristle kinety; CG, cortical granules; CK, circumoral kinety; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear groups; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 400 μm in A, 150 μm in G, H.
Figure 5 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 5. Trachelolophos binucleatus sp. nov. from life (A–F) and after protargol staining (G–M). A, typical individual; B, different body shape; C, slightly contracted cell; D, single nuclear group; E, F, small colourless cortical granules arranged in line between somatic kineties (arrowheads); G, general infraciliature, to show single nuclear group; H, two macronuclei forming a nuclear group; I–L, infraciliature of anterior end, indicating circumoral kinety, ciliary tuft, narrow glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; M, infraciliature of anterior portion, noting narrow glabrous stripe and anterior secant system forming on the left side of it (arrowheads). Abbreviations: BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; NG, nuclear group; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 400 μm in A–C; 200 μm in G.
Figure 1 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 1. Photographs of the sample site. A, an intertidal zone of a sandy beach in Qingdao (35°55′45″N, 120°12′59″E); B, an intertidal zone of a sandy beach in Daya Bay, Guangzhou (22°46′32″N, 114°40′13″E); C, a mangrove wetland in Zhanjiang (21°09′40″N, 110°25′38″E).
Figure 2 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 2. Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus sp. nov. from life (A–D, F, G) and after protargol staining (E, H–J). A, typical individual; B, C, different body shapes; D, wedge-like tail; E, H, infraciliature of anterior end, showing circumoral kinety, ciliary tuft, narrow glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; arrows point to anterior secant system forming on the left side of glabrous stripe; F, cortical granules arranged in line between somatic kineties; G, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; I, J, general infraciliature of the holotype specimen, marking single nuclear group, narrow glabrous stripe and anterior secant system forming on the left side of glabrous stripe (arrowheads). Abbreviations: BK, bristle kinety; CG, cortical granules; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear group; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 500 μm in A–C; 200 μm in I, J.
Figure 3 in Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae
Figure 3. Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus sp. nov. from life (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–M). A, typical individual; B, C, different body shapes; D, contracted cell; E, macronuclei forming a nuclear group and food vacuoles (arrows); F, wedge-shaped tail, noting food vacuoles including ingested algae (arrows); G, small colourless cortical granules arranged in line between somatic kineties (arrowheads); H, I, four macronuclei and two micronuclei forming a nuclear group; J, general infraciliature, marking single nuclear group; K, L, infraciliature of anterior end, showing circumoral kinety, ciliary tuft, narrow glabrous stripe and bristle kinety; arrowheads point to anterior secant system forming on the left side of glabrous stripe; M, infraciliature of anterior portion indicating narrow glabrous stripe, bristle kinety and anterior secant system (arrowheads). Abbreviations: BK, bristle kinety; CK, circumoral kinety; CT, ciliary tuft; GS, glabrous stripe; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear group; NU, nucleolus; SK, somatic kineties. Scale bars: 500 μm in A–D; 200 μm in J.
A phylogeny of Antirrhinum reveals parallel evolution of alpine morphology
<p>• Parallel evolution of similar morphologies in closely related lineages provides insight into the repeatability and predictability of evolution. In the genus <i>Antirrhinum</i> (snapdragons), as in other plants, a suite of morphological characters are associated with adaptation to alpine environments.</p> <p>• We test for parallel trait evolution in <i>Antirrhinum</i> by investigating phylogenetic relationships using Restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. We then associate phenotypic information to our phylogeny to reconstruct patterns of morphological evolution and relate this to evidence for hybridization between emergent lineages.</p> <p>• Phylogenetic analyses show that the alpine character syndrome is present in multiple groups, suggesting that <i>Antirrhinum </i>has repeatedly colonised alpine habitats. Dispersal to novel environments happened in the presence of intraspecific and interspecific gene flow.</p> <p>• We find support for a model of parallel evolution in <i>Antirrhinum</i>. Hybridisation in natural populations, and a complex genetic architecture underlying the alpine morphology syndrome, support an important role of natural selection in maintaining species divergence in the face of gene flow.</p>
FIGURE 7 in Review and phylogeny of the geniculata group, genus Chinavia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with notes on biogeography and morphological evolution
FIGURE 7. Pygophore of Chinavia pontagrossensis. A = ventral view; B = dorsal view; C = posterior view. pa = posterolateral angle; fl = flap of ventral rim; ca = carina of dorsal rim; X = segment X; me = median excavation of the ventral rim.
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