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FIGURE 2 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 2. Characters used to assess the head scale pattern for species in the genus Stegonotus. (A) Positions of head scales, sutures, and measurements, including internasals (IN) and the internasal suture (InS), prefrontals (PF) and the prefrontal suture (PfS), the frontal (F) with its length (FL) and width (FW), the supraoculars (SO), and the parietals (P) with the parietal suture (ParS). (B) Positions of the posterior frontal angle (PF /), the anterior parietal angle (AP /) and its lateral ray (yellow line), and the anterior eye line (AE; white line). The underlying specimen is the holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 7 (E–G). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (E, E') S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F, F') S. keyensis (holotype, MSNG 7521). (G, G') S. modestus (holotype, RMNH.RENA 324). (H, H') S. parvus (neotype, RMNH.RENA 46844).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 1. Map of the Banda Sea (dark blue area in the center of the map, showing significant deep-water sea floor topography), adjacent bodies of water, and surrounding landmasses in the eastern part of Wallacea. The yellow buttons indicate type localities for species of the genus Stegonotus, with yellow lines encircling the estimated distributions of these taxa. Included are S. sutteri on Sumba (1); S. florensis on Flores (2); S. lividus on Semau (3); S. modestus on Ambon (4); S. batjanensis on Bacan (5); S. iridis on Batanta (6); S. derooijae on Salawati (7); S. keyensis in the Kei Islands (8); S. aruensis in the Aru Islands (9); S. cucullatus near Manokwari, West Papua (10); Lycodon magnus, a synonym of S. cucullatus, on Supiori (11); and S. parvus on Yapen (12). The insert (A) provides a close-up of the area in the south-central Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua Province, Indonesian New Guinea, near the type locality of S. ayamaru sp. nov. Buttons indicate the type locality (red), and two locations of note (white), including the town of Teminabuan (1), Lake Ayamaru (2), and Kamro Village (3).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 7 (A–D). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199). (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36). (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing a forward extension of the anterior border of the frontal.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 5. Head of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH 31199) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A'), right lateral (B, B'), left lateral (C, C'), and ventral (D, D') views. Scale abbreviations are as in Fig. 2, with the addition of rostral (R), nasals (N), loreals (L), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), supralabials (SL), infralabials (IL), mental (M), anterior genials (AG), posterior genials (PG), and ventrals (V).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 4. Holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. (C) Enlargement of the subcaudal region to show the extent of dark patterning.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 3. Six conditions of the rostral scale when viewed from above in species of Stegonotus. (A) Not visible. The body of the scale is not visible, and only its tip may show. Pictured is the holotype of S. aruensis (MSNG 30186). (B) Gull wing. The rostral scale is barely visible, and its suture with the internasals forms slightly curved edges that come to a medial point. Pictured is the holotype of S. sutteri (NMBA 14872). (C) Gull wing +. The rostral scale is more visible than in (B). Pictured is the holotype of S. ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199). (D) Shallow V. The suture between rostral and internasals forms an obtuse angle (>> 90°) with straight or nearly straight rays (i.e., not curved into a gull-wing shape). Pictured is the holotype of S. florensis (ZMA 11080). (E) Deep V. The point of the rostral comes up far onto the dorsal surface of the head and lies between the nostrils. It forms an angle close to 90°. Pictured is a specimen of S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F) U-shaped. The rostral does not have a point on the dorsal surface of the head but the edge of the suture is rounded. Pictured is the holotype of S. poechi (NMW 23406).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 6 (A–D). Right lateral views of four species of Stegonotus as photographs (upper images) and line drawings (lower images), illustrating the position of supralabial scales (SL) and the eye. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199), showing SL = 7 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL5 projecting forward from a position behind the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36), showing SL = 8 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL3 projection backwards from a position in front of the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis. In this specimen, SL5 displays a developmental aberration on both sides of the head by being divided into two scales (as indicated by red stippling). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis and S. florensis.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 4. Right everted hemipenis of Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov., holotype (PEM R21122) viewed from the asulcal surface. Note the zonal distribution of ornamentation with basal spines and calyculate cap, and the two largest basal spines (bottom right of image) that border the asucal nude zone.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 7. Kageler's Tree Snake, Dipsadoboa kageleri (Uthmöller, 1939) comb. nov. A: showing grey-olive body and dusky ventrum of an adult specimen from Oldanyo Sambu, northwest slopes of Mt Meru, Tanzania (captive specimen, not retained), B: right side of head showing three upper labials entering orbit, the enlarged semicircular nasal shield depression, and single temporal of the same specimen as in A. C: whole body showing light brown body and lighter ventrum of a juvenile specimen from Ngongongare Village near Arusha National Park (captive specimen, not retained), D: left side of head of same juvenile specimen as in C.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 3. Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov. Holotype, adult male, PEM R21122, Mt Mabu Forest Base Camp, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. A: whole body in life, showing uniform olive-brown dorsal coloration and showing the weakly-keeled orange ventrals, whose coloration suffuses onto the three adjacent lateral body scale rows. Head views of holotype (after preservation). B: right side of head showing ventral coloration extending onto upper labials, and two upper labials (4–5) entering orbit. C: dorsal surface of head. D: ventral surface of head showing paired anterior chin shields. E: juvenile female, PEM R21195, M'pàluwé Ridge Forest, Ribáuè Massif, Nampula Province, Mozambique, showing uniform light brown coloration, slightly paler ventrum, long tail and weakly-keeled ventrals.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 6. Examples of Dipsadoboa from East Africa and southern Africa. A: Dipsadoboa aulica, Matubatuba, KwaZulu-Na- tal Province, South Africa. B: Dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi, juvenile, Hadeni, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). C: Dipsadoboa fla- vida broadleyi, adult, Hadeni, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). D: Dipsadoboa werneri, juvenile (PEM R18889), Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). E: Dipsadoboa werneri, adult, near Amani, Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood topology for Dipsadoboa, with bootstrap values shown for each node. Bootstrap values <60% are not included. Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov. are indicated for Mt Mabu and Mt Ribáuè.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 5. Type locality of Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov., Mt Mabu Forest Base Camp, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. A: general view of the evergreen mid-altitude wet forest close to the base camp. B: low trees and riverine bushes beside stream at base camp.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group

FIGURE 8. Shreve's Tree Snake, Dipsadoboa shrevei (Loveridge, 1932) from Sentinal Mine Camp, nr Kalumbila, Solwezi, North-Western Zambia (PEM R19780). A: full live portrait, B: right lateral side of head, C: dorsal surface of head, D: ventral surface of head.

FIGURE 5 in Chance, luck and a fortunate finding: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes: Xenodontinae), from the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands

FIGURE 5. Distributional records of Helicops species occurring in the Pantanal and neighboring ecoregions. Symbols denote the type-locality of Helicops boitata (black triangle), as well as localities with vouchers of H. angulatus (white crosses), H. leopardinus (white diamonds), and H. polylepis (white circles). The white circle marked with an asterisk refer to a specimen determined as Helicops polylepis from São Domingos, state of Mato Grosso (IBSP 31712), destroyed by fire on May 15th of 2010.

FIGURE 4 in Chance, luck and a fortunate finding: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes: Xenodontinae), from the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands

FIGURE 4. General views of dorsum, venter and detail of head of the holotype of Helicops boitata (UFMT-R 11940) in life (SVL 437 mm, tail length 205 mm), from the margins of Transpantaneira Road, region of Poconé, state of Mato Grosso, Bra- zil.

FIGURE 1 in Chance, luck and a fortunate finding: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes: Xenodontinae), from the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Hydropsini (comprising one species of Hydrops Wagler, 1830, one species of Pseudoeryx Fitzinger, 1826, and 10 species of Helicops Wagler, 1828) based on a concatenated dataset of the 12S, 16S, BDNF, C-mos, and NT3 sequence data. Numbers at nodes indicate the values of Bayesian Credibility/Maximum Likelihood bootstrap. The bar represents the number of expected changes per site in the Bayesian Analysis. The name Helicops pictiventris is currently a junior synonym of H. infrataeniatus, but it appears in the tree exactly as the pertinent sequences appear in the GenBank dataset (see Grazziotin et al. 2012).

FIGURE 3 in Chance, luck and a fortunate finding: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes: Xenodontinae), from the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands

FIGURE 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral (left/right) views of the head of the holotype of Helicops boitata (UFMT-R 11940), from the margins of Transpantaneira Road, region of Poconé, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Chance, luck and a fortunate finding: a new species of watersnake of the genus Helicops Wagler, 1828 (Serpentes: Xenodontinae), from the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands

FIGURE 2. Dorsal and ventral views of the holotype of Helicops boitata (UFMT-R 11940), from the margins of Transpantaneira Road, region of Poconé, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Scale bar = 100 mm.