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3,937 results for “number”
Data from: Neuron numbers link innovativeness with both absolute and relative brain size in birds
<p>A long-standing issue in biology is whether the intelligence of animals can be predicted by absolute or relative brain size. However, progress has been hampered by an insufficient understanding of how neuron numbers shape internal brain organization and cognitive performance. Based on estimations of neuron numbers for 111 bird species, we show here that the number of neurons in the pallial telencephalon is positively associated with a major expression of intelligence: innovation propensity. The number of pallial neurons, in turn, is greater in brains that are larger in both absolute and relative terms, and positively co-varies with longer post-hatching development periods. Thus, our analyses show that neuron numbers link cognitive performance to both absolute and relative brain size through developmental adjustments. These findings help unify neuro-anatomical measures at multiple levels, reconciling contradictory views over the biological significance of brain expansion. The results also highlight the value of a life history perspective to advance our understanding of the evolutionary bases of the connections between brain and cognition.</p>
COVID-19 lockdown measures impacted citizen science hedgehog observation numbers in Bavaria, Germany
<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to temporary changes in human-animal interactions due to changes in human activities. Here we report on a surge in hedgehog observations during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany in 2020, on the citizen science web portal 'Igel in Bayern' (Hedgehogs in Bavaria) in Germany. This increase in comparison to previous years could be attributed to an increase in the number of people reporting hedgehog observations, rather than an increase in the number of hedgehog observations done by each observer. Additionally, in contrast to other studies on the effects of a COVID-19 lockdown on observations recorded by Citizen Science projects, the share of observations made in more urbanized areas during the lockdown time was not higher than the change observed in less urbanized areas. This is possibly a result of the differences in COVID-19 measures between Germany and other countries where preceding studies were carried out, in particular the lack of measures limiting outdoor activities for citizens.</p>
Richness (species numbers) of butterflies in the Iberian Peninsula on a 50 x 50 km UTM grid
<p>This file contains the on richness (species numbers) of butterflies from the Iberian Peninsula as they were used to model richness on contemporary climatic and non-climatic variables, then to forecast richness values to future climate scenarios. This is a text *.csv file.</p>
Quantitative PCR from human genomic DNA: the determination of gene copy numbers for congenital adrenal hyperplasia and RCCX copy number variation
<p>The dataset is related a study in which we aimed to simultaneously assess the performance of 7 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays for the gene copy number (GCN) determination of the genetic elements of RCCX copy number variation (CNV). A single laboratory method validations of duplex qPCR assays with hydrolysis probes on <em>CYP21A1P</em> and <em>CYP21A2</em> genes, which are responsible for congenital adrenal hyperplasia, were performed using 46 human genomic DNA samples. We also performed the verifications on 5 qPCR assays for the genetic elements of RCCX CNV such as <em>C4A</em> gene, <em>C4B</em>, gene, RCCX CNV breakpoint, HERV-K(C4) CNV deletion and insertion alleles. The dataset contains the data of genomic DNA samples, the raw quantification cycle values of all qPCR experiments, the peak heights and dosage quotient of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) experiments, and the detailed GCN results based on qPCR and MLPA. All other analyses are available in our publication under the same title.</p>
Impacts of development and adult sex on brain cell numbers in the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
<p>The Black Soldier Fly (<em>Hermetia illucens</em>, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been introduced across the globe, with numerous industry applications predicated on its tremendous growth during the larval stage. However, basic research on <em>H. illucens</em> biology (for example, studies of their central nervous system) are lacking. Despite their small brain volumes, insects are capable of complex behaviors; understanding how these behaviors are completed with such a small amount of neural tissue requires understanding processing power (e.g. number of cells) within the brain. Brain cell counts have been completed in only a few insect species (mostly Hymenoptera), and almost exclusively in adults. This limits the taxonomic breadth of comparative analyses, as well as any conclusions about how development and body size growth may impact brain cell populations. Here, we present the first images and cell counts of the <em>H. illucens</em> brain at four time points across development (early, mid, and late larval stages, and both male and female adults) using immunohistochemistry and isotropic fractionation. To assess sexual dimorphism in adults, we quantified the number of cells in the central brain vs. optic lobes of males and females separately. To assess if increases in body size during development might independently affect different regions of the CNS, we quantified the larval ventral nerve cord and central brain separately at all three stages. Together, these data provide the first description of the nervous system of a popular, farmed invertebrate and the first study of brain cell numbers using IF across developmental stages in any insect.</p>
Particle number concentrations and size distributions in the stratosphere: Implications of nucleation mechanisms and particle microphysics
<p>The data files of all figures for ACP-2022-487 entitled: "Particle number concentrations and size distributions in the stratosphere: Implications of nucleation mechanisms and particle microphysics"</p>
Revisiting the number of self‐incompatibility alleles in finite populations: From old models to new results
<p>Under gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), plants are heterozygous at the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) and can only be fertilized by pollen with a different allele at that locus. The last century has seen a heated debate about the correct way of modeling the allele diversity in a GSI population that was never formally resolved. Starting from an individual-based model, we derive the deterministic dynamics as proposed by Fisher (1958), and compute the stationary S-allele frequency distribution. We find that the stationary distribution proposed by Wright (1964) is close to our theoretical prediction, in line with earlier numerical confirmation. Additionally, we approximate the invasion probability of a new S-allele, which scales inversely with the number of resident S-alleles. Lastly, we use the stationary allele frequency distribution to estimate the population size of a plant population from an empirically obtained allele frequency spectrum, which complements the existing estimator of the number of S-alleles. Our expression of the stationary distribution resolves the long-standing debate about the correct approximation of the number of S-alleles and paves the way to new statistical developments for the estimation of the plant population size based on S-allele frequencies.</p>
Particle number size distributions associated with secondary organics
<p>We provide the model data used to reproduce the figures in our manuscript titled "secondary organic aerosol formation regulates cloud condensation nuclei in the global remote troposphere". </p>
Data from: The effect of copy number hemiplasy on gene family evolution
<p>The evolution of gene families is complex, involving gene-level evolutionary events such as gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer, and gene loss (DTL), and other processes such as incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Because of this, topological differences often exist between gene trees and species trees. A number of models have been recently developed to explain these discrepancies, the most realistic of which attempt to consider both gene-level events and ILS. When unified in a single model, the interaction between ILS and gene-level events can cause polymorphism in gene copy number, which we refer to as copy number hemiplasy (CNH).</p> <p>In this paper we extend the Wright-Fisher process to include duplications and losses over several species, and show that the probability of CNH for this process can be significant. We study how well two unified models --- MLMSC (MultiLocus MultiSpecies Coalescent), which models CNH, and DLCoal (Duplication, Loss, and Coalescence), which does not --- approximate the Wright-Fisher process with duplication and loss.</p> <p>We then study the effect of CNH on gene family evolution by comparing MLMSC and DLCoal. We generate comparable gene trees under both models, showing significant differences in various summary statistics; most importantly, CNH reduces the number of gene copies greatly. If this is not taken into account, the traditional method of estimating duplication rates (by counting the number of gene copies) becomes inaccurate. The simulated gene trees are also used for species tree inference with the summary methods ASTRAL and ASTRAL-Pro, demonstrating that their accuracy, based on CNH-unaware simulations calibrated on real data, may have been overestimated.}</p>
numbered stones of Roman theater.Terracina,italy
This stone numbered with Roman number 36 comes from the Roman theater of Terracina. It is currently located in one of the old town streets and has been used as a step of a dwelling. the Roman thater was built during the 1st century BC, Location: Terracina, (Anxur), Italy Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Escoural Rock Art Painting number 9
Discovered on an April afternoon in 1963, after an explosion of a quarry, the Escoural Cave proved to be an unavoidable site for the history of archeology in Portugal. What the cavel represents today transcends its tourist value, and assumes itself as an international reference for Paleolithic art as the westernmost point of Europe with such artistic representations of Prehistory. The cave art of the Escoural Cave fits in chronologically between 20,000 and 18,000 years a. C. In addition to the engravings, paintings depicting various figures from aurochs to equines as well as geometrical are also known. This is the 3D model of the rock art painting panel number 9, featuring three convergent strokes at the top, possibly representing a hut. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Species numbers by country.pdf: a listing of total fish species numbers for locations compiled from http://www.fishbase.us online database.
<p>Species numbers by country.pdf: a listing of total fish species numbers for locations compiled from http://www.fishbase.us online database.</p> <p>data from Starck, W.A., Estapé C.J. & Morgan Estapé, A. (2017) The fishes of Alligator Reef and environs in the<br> Florida Keys: a half-century update. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 27, 74–117.</p>
Number of SHB in the colonies and colony defensiveness
<p>Small hive beetles (SHB), <em>Aethina tumida</em>, are free-flying parasites, which actively seek and invade honeybee host colonies. It seems as if SHB may prefer colonies in the shade. Further, it has been stated that SHB invade any colony with equal impunity. However, the impact of colony aggressiveness on SHB infestation levels has never been quantified. Here, we confirm significantly higher SHB infestation levels in shaded colonies and further suggest that host colony aggression is of minor importance only. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, local Africanized honeybee colonies at a sunny (N=10) and at a shaded apiary (N=11) were tested for aggression and visually screened for SHB infestations using standard methods. Both colony aggression and infestation levels were variable, but not significantly correlated. The results confirm that infestation levels are significantly higher in the shaded apiary compared to the sun-exposed one. Further, host colony aggression is unlikely to interfere with SHB infestation levels of colonies. Instead, SHB seem to remain even in aggressive colonies. The underlying mechanisms for the significant differences in colony infestation levels due to sun exposure remain unknown. Beekeepers are advised to prefer sun-exposed apiary locations in regions, where SHB are a pest of concern.</p>
Estimation of species abundance based on the number of segregating sites using environmental DNA (eDNA)
<p>The advancement of environmental DNA (eDNA) has enabled rapid and non-invasive species detection in aquatic environments. While most studies focus on detecting species presence or absence, recent research has explored using eDNA data to quantify species abundance. This estimation usually is based on the concentration of targeted eDNA. However, eDNA concentration can be influenced by various factors, both biotic and abiotic, which can obscure the relationship between concentration and species abundance. In this study, we suggest using the number of segregating sites as a proxy for estimating species abundance. We investigated this relationship in silico, in vitro, and in situ (mesocosm experiments) using two brackish goby species, <em>Acanthogobius hasta</em> and <em>Tridentiger bifasciatus</em>. Analysis of simulated and in vitro data, where DNA was mixed from a known number of individuals, revealed a strong correlation between the number of segregating sites and species abundance (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9; P < 0.01). Results from the mesocosm experiment confirmed this correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.70, P < 0.01). This correlation remained consistent despite biotic factors such as body size and feeding behavior of the fish (P > 0.05). Cross-validation tests demonstrated that the number of segregating sites predicts species abundance more accurately and reliably than eDNA concentration. In conclusion, the number of segregating sites is a precise and robust indicator of species abundance compared to eDNA concentration, offering a significant enhancement to the quantitative capabilities of eDNA technology.</p>
Supplementary material from: Modeling biodiesel properties by preference learning: case study of cetane number
<p><span>Data obtained from the available bibliography between the year 2002 and 2022. This document contains the FAME distribution and cetane number of 543 biodiesels.</span></p> <p><span> </span><span>The dataset is divided into three sections within the worksheet.</span></p> <ul> <li><span>The first section contains the definition of the data's feedstock and its source reference. The reference includes the year, DOI (if available, as some are collected from books), publication journal, article title, and authors.</span></li> <li><span>The second section describes the FAME distribution, starting from C4:0 up to C24:0, including a column of unidentified FAMEs.</span></li> <li><span>The third and final section describes the measured property Cetane Number.</span></li> </ul>
Harmonized livestock number dataset for Europe
<p>This dataset comprises spatial and temporal data on ruminant livestock distributions on detailed spatial level. We collected statistics on cattle, sheep and goats distribution for 43 countries and territories in Europe: for 31 countries and territories we collected data on the level of local administrative units, for 8 countries on regional level (NUTS 3), and on national level (NUTS 0) for 4 countries. We provide data for over 73 thousand administrative units, making them more detailed than publicly provided by the European Statistical Office (which reports data for 325 adminstrative units). The data are available for the periods corresponding to 2000, 2010 and 2020.</p> <p><strong>Harmonizing to livestock units:</strong></p> <p>We harmonized the data to livestock units (LSU), making them easy to use and compare between different countries and regions. We used livestock coefficients provided by EUROSTAT (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Livestock_unit_(LSU) ) to harmonize numbers of different livestock types, with more detail on the processing provided in the accompanying data_sources.xlsx file.<br><br><strong>File description:</strong></p> <p>The data-set consists of the following files:</p> <ul> <li>a spreadsheet describing in detail the sources of data and how the data was processed (file <a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/data_sources.xlsx/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">data_sources.xlsx</a>)</li> <li>three geopackage files (archived as a zip file) for each year (2000, 2010, 2020) for harmonized ruminant livestock numbers for all 43 countries and territories (<a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/livestock2000.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">livestock2000.zip</a>, <a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/livestock2010.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">livestock2010.zip</a>, <a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/livestock2020.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">livestock2020.zip</a> )</li> <li>three geopackage files (archived as a zip file) for each year (2000, 2010, 2020) for sheep and goats for Poland (as the numbers are provided on a different level for these two livestock type for Poland) (<a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/poland_sheep_goats2000.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">poland_sheep_goats2000.zip</a> , <a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/poland_sheep_goats2010.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">poland_sheep_goats2010.zip</a> , <a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/poland_sheep_goats2020.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">poland_sheep_goats2020.zip</a> )</li> <li>a geopackage file (archived as a zip file) with (estimated) shares of cattle grazing for each country, in many cases for subnational units (<a href="../api/records/11058509/draft/files/grazing_share.zip/content" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">grazing_share.zip</a> )</li> </ul> <p><strong>Source information:</strong></p> <p>The raw data on livestock numbers are available from each country individually, and we provide the sources in the data_sources.xlsx file , to enable future updates.</p> <p> </p> <div> <p>This dataset has been created as part of LAMASUS Project under the scope of Deliverable 2.1 titled "The LUM Geodatabase and Area Estimates of Land Use Change to 2018 ". The full text of the deliverable can be accessed via: <a href="https://www.lamasus.eu/wp-content/uploads/LAMASUS_D2.1_LUMGeodatabase.pdf">https://www.lamasus.eu/wp-content/uploads/LAMASUS_D2.1_LUMGeodatabase.pdf.</a></p> </div>
Concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins and the number of galls combined in each sample
<p>Gall-forming insects induce various types of galls on their host plants by altering gene expression in host plant organs, and recent studies have been conducted for gene expression in galls. However, the evolutionary trajectories of gene expression patterns and the resulting phenotypes have not yet been studied using multiple related species. We investigated the speciation and the diversification process of galls induced by four closely-related aphid species (Hormaphidini) on a host plant species (<em>Hamamelis japonica</em>) by examining the phylogenetic congruence between the geographic divergences of aphids and the host plant, and by comparing their gene expression patterns and resulting phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of aphids and the host plant showed that geographic isolation among host plant populations has interrupted gene flow in aphids and accelerated the speciation process. The concentration of phenolics and the complexity of the internal structure of galls were correlated with the expression levels of genes for the biosynthesis of phenolics and morphogenesis, respectively. These results suggest that the expression levels of genes for the biosynthesis of phenolics and morphogenesis have evolutionarily increased in galls accelerated by the speciation process of aphids due to the distribution change of the host plant, leading to the related phenotypic evolution. Our study showed the evolutionary process of phenotypic traits in galls in the wild from both gene expression and actual phenotype levels.</p>
Accumulation of gene copy number variations during the early phase of free-spawning abalone speciation
<p><span>The g</span><span>enetic basis of speciation in free-spawning marine invertebrates is poorly understood. Although gene copy number variations (GCNVs) as well as nucleotide variations possibly trigger the speciation of these organisms, empirical evidence for such </span><span>a hypothesis</span><span> is limited. In this study, we searched for genomic signatures of GCNVs that may contribute to the speciation of Western Pacific abalone species. Whole-genome sequencing data suggested the existence of significant amounts of GCNVs in closely related abalones, <em>Haliotis discus</em> and <em>H. madaka</em>, in the early phase of speciation. In addition, the degree of interspecies genetic differentiation in the genes where GCNVs were estimated was higher than </span><span>that </span><span>in other genes, suggesting that nucleotide divergence also accumulate</span><span>s in the genes with GCNVs.</span><span> GCNVs in some genes were also detected in other related abalone species, suggesting that these GCNVs are derived from both ancestral and <em>de novo</em> mutations.</span> <span>Our findings </span><span>suggest that GCNVs have been accumulated in </span><span>the early phase</span><span> of free-spawning abalone speciation.</span></p>
Microsatellite genotypes of Cercidiphyllum japonicum seeds and identity numbers of the seed parents
<p>Genotypes at five microsatellite loci of 361 <em>Cercidiphyllum japonicum </em>seeds and identity numbers of their seed-parents in a population distributed over about 80 ha along a stream within Iwanazawa Forest Reserve (43°13′N, 142°34′E), University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, in central Hokkaido, Japan. Based on this and another data (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zcrjdfnb7">https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.zcrjdfnb7</a>), pattern of gene dispersal via pollen in this population was estimated by neighborhood model approach and Two generation analysis (TwoGener). These data set can be reused for review of the study and would be useful for comparison with other studies on gene dispersal of tree species.</p>
Vehicle Stock Numbers and Survival Functions for On-road Exhaust Emissions Analysis in India: 1993-2018
<p>Guttikunda, S. K. Vehicle Stock Numbers and Survival Functions for On-road Exhaust Emissions Analysis in India: 1993-2018. <br>Final publication online @ <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6298">https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/15/6298</a> <br><br>Preprints 2024, 2024051393. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202405.1393.v1">https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202405.1393.v1</a></p> <p>Older publication:<br>Re-fueling road transport for better air quality in India<br><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421514000020">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421514000020</a></p> <p>An informed emissions inventory can help define the baseline, use that baseline to formulate an effective air quality management plan and track progress or lack thereof, and use the results for research, innovation, and public awareness. In air quality management, at urban and regional levels, road transport remains the cornerstone of residential, commercial, and industrial activities, and the vehicle exhaust emissions maintain the position of one of the key contributing sources.</p> <p>In Indian cities, big and small, vehicle exhaust emissions and dust from vehicle movement on the roads, contribute to as much as 50% of particulate matter pollution in a year. So, having access to a vehicle exhaust emissions inventory that is reliable and replicable is critical for air quality management and one of the key inputs to this exercise is vehicle stock numbers. These numbers are typically obtained from vehicle registration databases, traffic surveys, and other governmental records, and often require time consuming data cleaning protocols before they can used for emissions analysis.</p> <p>This database provides a clean and open-access vehicle stock database, as registered and in-use fleet, for the period covering 1993 and 2018, for all India and states, along with an estimate of age-mix of the vehicles using survival functions.</p> <p>VAPIS Excel players included here are</p> <ul> <li>·A method to convert fleet average speeds and fleet average travel time per day into vehicle km travelled per day.</li> <li>·A method to calculate how many additional buses are required to support odd-even or an equivalent scheme (with and without fuel mix exemptions).</li> <li>·A method to calculate total fuel wasted from idling in the city and to calculate savings from traffic management.</li> <li>·A method to calculate fuel and emission benefits of shifting a share of 2-wheeler and 4-wheeler trips to buses and non-motorized transport.</li> <li>·A method to estimate vehicle exhaust emission factors using emission standards and deterioration rates.</li> <li>·An example set of survival rates based on vehicle age for nine broad vehicle categories to convert registered number of vehicles to in-use number of vehicles.</li> <li>·A method to spatially disaggregate (grid) the total vehicle exhaust emissions using multiple grid-level proxies as weights such as density (km per grid) of various road types, population density, landuse-landcover, and information on commercial and industrial activities.</li> <li>·A library of emission factors for aerosols and gaseous species.</li> </ul>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.