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Data: New test problems
<p>This is the data used in the study of new test problems.</p>
Data from: Repeated alpine flight loss within the widespread New Zealand stonefly Nesoperla fulvescens
<p><span>Flight loss is a common feature of upland insect assemblages, with recent studies detecting parallel wing reduction events across independent alpine lineages. However, the geographic scale over which such repeated evolution can operate remains unclear. In this study, we use genotyping-by-sequencing</span> to assess the genomic relationships among vestigial-winged and full-winged populations of the widespread New Zealand stonefly <em>Nesoperla</em> <em>fulvescens</em>, to test for repeated wing loss events over small spatial scales. Biogeographic analyses indicate that alpine wing loss in this widespread species is restricted to a single, narrow mountain range. Intriguingly, our coalescent analyses indicate that upland vestigial-winged <em>N</em>. <em>fulvescens</em> populations are not sister to one another, suggesting wings have been lost independently in disjunct populations of this species, over a <30 km scale. Our results suggest that selection against flight above the alpine treeline can drive rapid and repeated adaptation even across narrow spatial scales. We propose that such repetitive processes may represent a far more pervasive feature of alpine insect adaptation than is currently recognised.</p>
FIGURE 1. A in Three new species of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae) from French Guiana based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 1. A, Map showing the distribution of Culex (Melanoconion) sallumae n. sp. (red star), Cx. (Mel.) hutchingsae n. sp. (green dots) and Cx. (Mel.) lucackermanni n. sp. (yellow triangle) in French Guiana; B, Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of the COI barcodes obtained from the type specimens of the three new species. Bootstrap support values under 500 replications are indicated near nodes. The specimen number, species name and Barcode Index Number (BIN) provided by the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) are indicated for each barcode sequence.
FIGURE 5 in Three new species of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae) from French Guiana based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 5. Aquatic habitats of (A) Culex (Melanoconion) hutchingsae n. sp. and (B) Cx. (Mel.) lucackermanni n. sp. in the Réserve Naturelle Nationale de La Trinité, French Guiana.
FIGURE 2 in Three new species of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae) from French Guiana based on morphological and molecular data
FIGURE 2. Male genitalia of Culex (Melanoconion) sallumae n. sp. A, Gonocoxopodite, lateral aspect; B, gonocoxopodite, mesal aspect; C, paraproct, tergum X and basal plate, in lateral views; D, paramere, lateral view; E, lateral plate and aedeagal sclerite, lateral views; F, tergum IX; G, tergum VIII. AeS, aedeagal sclerite; BP, basal plate; dSL, distal division of subapical lobe; Gc, gonocoxite; GC, gonostylar claw; Gs, gonostylus; LP, lateral plate; lsp, lateral setal patch; Ppr, paraproct; pSL, proximal division of subapical lobe; X-Te, tergum X.
A New Tracking Algorithm Based on Foshan Total Lightning Data and the Influence of Historical Velocity and Matching Method on the Results
<p>This paper introduces a new tracking algorithm (V2CM) based on total lightning data from the Foshan Total Lightning Location System (FTLLS), and the other four algorithms are used to test the influence of historical velocity and matching method on the results during the formation of V2CM. Different methods are used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of five tracking methods. Additionally, the number of splits and merges along a track is used as a new index to describe the complexity of the track. It is found that the best tracking method V2CM has the highest probability of detection (POD), the false alarm rate (FAR) and the critical success index (CSI) being 65.6%, 39.2%, 46.4%, respectively. It also produces longer and more coherent tracks than those of other four methods. The average number of splits and merges of the best method is 2.40 and lightning clusters matching method between two successive time intervals has a greater impact on the evaluation results than the historical velocity. In addition, lightning clusters move in the northeast direction, with a mean speed of 48.48 km/h and a median speed of 39.08 km/h. Complex tracks, involving splitting or merging, move faster than simple track.</p>
FIGURE 10 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 10. Calling song of Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.: (A) oscillograms of 10 echemes grouped in doublets, (B) detailed oscillogram of one echeme and (C) corresponding spectrogram; (D) frequency spectrum showing harmonic frequencies.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 8. Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.: male specimens of light morph (B, D) and dark morph (A, C) in their natural habitat; (B–D) showing wing positions while male is calling.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 4. Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.: (A) male forewing in dorsal view, (B) female forewing in dorsal view, (C–E) scanning electron micrograph of the stridulatory teeth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 100 μm; D–E, 10 μm.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 6. Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.: male of light morph (A–B) and female of dark morph (C–D) in dorsal and lateral views, respectively. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 5. Genitalia of Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.: male genitalia in ventral (A), dorsal (C), lateral (D) and postero-ventral (E) views; comparison with I. kudremu in ventral view (B); female copulatory papilla of Indigryllus sagani sp. nov. in dorsal (F) and ventral (G) views. Scale bars: A–E, 1 mm; F–G, 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 2. Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.: (A) dorsal view of male subgenital plate, (B) dorsal view of female subgenital plate and (C) dorsal view of male supra anal plate.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Indigryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae, Xenogryllini) from Kerala, India, with first data on acoustics and natural habitat
FIGURE 1. Map showing the current distribution of Indigryllus: the red circle indicates the type locality of I. kudremu; the blue circle indicates the type locality of Indigryllus sagani sp. nov.; the orange circles indicate the localities corresponding to iNaturalist records of Indigryllus sp. for which no specimen could be studied tentatively identified as I. sagani; the pink circle indicates a iNaturalist record identified as Indigryllus sp. which could belong to a new species. Map by Miguel Valenzuela, 2020, with permission (IG: @mappdoutofficial)
Figure 5 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data reveal another new species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus Gray: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Mizoram, India
Figure 5. Live specimens of Cyrtodactylus ngopensis sp. nov.: (a) holotype, MZMU2553; (b) paratype, MZMU2552; (c) paratype, MZMU2554; (d) paratype, MZMU2555; (e) paratype, MZMU2556; (f) uncollected individual.
Figure 1 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data reveal another new species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus Gray: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Mizoram, India
Figure 1. Elevation map showing the type locality of the newly described Cyrtodactylus species (black star), and its congeners included in the comparisons (black triangles): 1. Cyrtodactylus ngopensis sp. nov.; 2. C. siahaensis; 3. C. lungleiensis; 4. C. bengkhuaiai; 5. C. aaronbaueri; 6. C. montanus; 7. C. tripuraensis; 8. C. khasiensis; 9. C. jaintiaensis; 10. C. karsticola; 11. C. agarwali; 12. C. exercitus; 13. C. urbanus; 14. C. guwahatiensis; 15. C. septentrionalis; 16. C. kazirangaensis; 17. C. nagalandensis; 18. C. arunachalensis; 19. C. markuscombaii and C. martinstolli; 20. C. himalayicus; 21. C. cayuensis; 22. C. tamaiensis; 23. C. namtiram; 24. C. ayeyarwadyensis; 25. C. mandalayensis; 26. C. aunglini; 27. C. brevidactylus; 28. C. chrysopylos; 29. C. gansi; 30. C. myaleiktaung.
Figure 4 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data reveal another new species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus Gray: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Mizoram, India
Figure 4. The holotype of Cyrtodactylus ngopensis sp. nov. (MZMU2553): (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view; (c) details of dorsal pholidosis; (d) dorsal view of head; (e) lateral view of head; (f) ventral view of head.
Figure 2 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data reveal another new species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus Gray: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Mizoram, India
Figure 2. (a) Ordination of the sex-pooled mountain clade (filled shapes) and lowland clades (unfilled shapes) of Cyrtodactylus species from Mizoram and Meghalaya states along the first two principal components, based on a PCA of the characters FIILamb, FIIILamc, FIVLamc, TILamc, TIILamc, TIIILamb, TVLamc, FILamc, TILama, PVT, DTR, and dorsal spot.
Figure 6 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic data reveal another new species of bent-toed gecko (Cyrtodactylus Gray: Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Mizoram, India
Figure 6. Habitats of Cyrtodactylus ngopensis sp. nov. from Ngopa, Mizoram, Northeast India: (a) collection site of the holotype at Tuikhur veng, Chawngbawla section, Ngopa; (b) collection site of paratypes at NEC road, Khuangchera section, Ngopa; (c) collection site of paratypes at Taitesena section, Ngopa.
FIGURE 4. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A–B, D in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 4. Dasydytes lamellatus differential interference contrast photomicrographs. A–B, D: Ventral View, C: egg, E: Dorsal view. at: anterior cilia tuft; ca–b: cephalic long spines; db: dorsal cilia band; ta–tb: trunk spines; pt: posterior cilia tuft; r: rear spine; vt1–3: ventral cilia tufts.
FIGURE 9 in New data on Brazilian semiplanktonic gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida)
FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic relationships of Chaetonotida inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated data set, bootstrap support value threshold above 70. Yellow and Green: "Dasydytidae", Cyan: Neogosseide, Orange: "Chaetonotidae".
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.