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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Biotic components of dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Pantanal - Cerrado Border and its implications for Chaco regionalization

Figure 1. Geographical localization of Chapada dos Guimarães (Pantanal–Cerrado Border), Mato Grosso, Brazil and its sampled sites.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Host sex and age typically explain variation in parasitism of Rock Ptarmigan: implications for identifying determinants of exposure and susceptibility

Measures of parasitism often differ between hosts. This variation is thought due in part to age or sex differences in exposure to parasites and/or susceptibility to parasitism. We assessed how often age or sex biases in parasitism were found using a large, multi-year (2006 – 2017) dataset of 12 parasite species of Icelandic Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). We found host traits (i.e. age and/or sex) accounted for significant variation in abundance of 11 of the 12 parasite species. We often found increased abundance among juvenile hosts, although significant adult biases were observed for three parasite species. Additionally, higher levels of parasitism by many species were observed for female hosts, contrary to frequent male biases in parasitism reported for other vertebrates. Abundance of six parasite species was best explained by interactions between host age and sex; some degree of decrease in abundance with host age was present for both male and female hosts for four of those parasite species. We consider various host and parasite traits that could account for observed singular and repeated patterns of age and/or sex biases in parasitism (e.g. age- and sex-related grouping behaviours, age-specific mortality in relation to parasitism, acquisition of greater immunity with age). This work provides a foundation for future studies investigating age-related differences in acquired immunity and age-specific parasite-mediated mortality for males and females, as well as studies on interactions between co-infecting parasite species.

Figure 5 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 5 Radial longitudinal section (RLS) of Viburnum wood showing ray and parenchyma. AV. erosumBV. carlesiiCV. burejaeticumDV. furcatum. Abbreviations: pr, procambium ray cells; sr, square ray cells; ur, upright ray cells. v, vessel. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figure 8 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 8 Principal component analysis of 11 different wood variables of Viburnum species. VN, Number of vessels; VDR, Vessel diameter in radial plane; VDT, Vessel diameter in tangential plane; VW, Vessel wall thickness; TDR, Tracheid diameter in radial plane; TDT, Tracheid diameter in tangential plane; TW, Tracheid wall thickness; BP, Bordered pit; RN, Number of rays; RH, Ray height; RW, Ray thickness.

Figure 1 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 1 Cross section of Viburnum wood showing growth ring, vessels, tracheids, and rays. AV. dilatatum (arrow indicates growth ring) BV. erosumCV. carlesiiDV. opulus f. hydrangeoides . Abbreviations: r, ray; v, vessel. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 6 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 6 Tangential longitudinal section (TLS) of Viburnum wood showing ray and parenchyma. AV. wrightii (double arrow head indicate wall thickenings in tracheids, white arrow indicates simple cross wall in parenchyma cells) BV. ordoratissimum var. awabuki (white arrow indicates, oblique cross wall in parenchyma cell) CV. japonicumDV. dilatatum. Abbreviations: bp, bordered pits; ivp, inter-vessel pits. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figure 4 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 4 Tangential longitudinal section (TLS) of Viburnum wood showing different types of cells in the ray. AV. burejaeticumBV. carlesiiCV. dilatatumDV. erosum. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figure 3 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 3 Radial longitudinal section (RLS) of Viburnum wood showing inter-vessel pits and scalariform perforation plates. AV. wrightii (arrow indicates gradual vessel tail) BV. carlesiiCV. burejaeticumDV. opulus f. hydrangeoides . Abbreviations: ppb, bars on perforation plate; ivp, inter-vessel pits. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figure 2 from: Ghimire B, Son DC, Park BK, Oh S-H (2020) Comparative wood anatomy of Korean Viburnum L. (Adoxaceae) and its taxonomic implication. PhytoKeys 156: 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.52031

Figure 2 Cross section of Viburnum species showing axial parenchyma (magnified). AV. japonicumBV. ordoratissimum var. awabukiCV. wrightiiDV. furcatum. Abbreviations: p, parenchyma cell; r, ray. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Characterization of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of Leptosphaerulina chartarum and Curvularia trifolii and their contributions to phylogenetic implications in the Pleosporales

Previous studies reported that symbiont endophytic fungi are widely distributed in all tissues of tobacco plants and played important roles. It is therefore important to determine the species distribution and characteristics of endophytic fungi in tobacco. Here, two parasitic fungi Leptosphaerulina chartarum and Curvularia trifolii were isolated from normal tobacco tissue, then were used to sequence their nuclear and mitogenomes. Finally, we yield 41.68 Mb and 37.95 Mb nuclear genome for C. trifolii and L. chartarum with the contig N50 as 638.94 Kb and 284.12 Kb, respectively. The average GC content of these two species were 49.74% and 50.64%. And the C. trifolii and L. chartarum mitochondrial genomes were 68,926 bp and 59,100 bp long circular molecules with average GC contents of 28.60% and 29.31%, respectively. In order to gain additional evidence for the classification of C. trifolii and L. chartarum, we calculated the evolutionary rate of 7 nuclear and 12 mitochondrial genes and then performed phylogenetic analyses. The results showed that the phylogenetic trees performed by combining nuclear and mitochondrial genes showed similar topologies, only existing tiny difference. Combined with our studies, we further confirmed that the phylogenetic relationships of endophytic fungi in tobacco is better to construct based on the datasets of multi-protein coding genes either from nuclear or mitochondrial genomes. These data therefore provide an understanding of the gene content and evolutionary history of species within the Pleosporales.

Supplementary material 1 from: Zhongying Q, Huihui C, Hao Y, Yuan H, Huimeng L, Xia L, Xingchun G (2020) Comparative mitochondrial genomes of four species of Sinopodisma and phylogenetic implications (Orthoptera, Melanoplinae). ZooKeys 969: 23-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.49278

Tables S1–S7

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Figure 3 from: Zhongying Q, Huihui C, Hao Y, Yuan H, Huimeng L, Xia L, Xingchun G (2020) Comparative mitochondrial genomes of four species of Sinopodisma and phylogenetic implications (Orthoptera, Melanoplinae). ZooKeys 969: 23-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.49278

Figure 3 The long polythymine stretch and conserved sequence blocks in the A+T rich regions from four species. Note: The long polythymine stretch. T-stretch sequence was labelled with box, located in the majority strand. Within each block, nucleotides identical in the two sequences are bottom-marked with asterisks.

Supplementary material 2 from: Zhongying Q, Huihui C, Hao Y, Yuan H, Huimeng L, Xia L, Xingchun G (2020) Comparative mitochondrial genomes of four species of Sinopodisma and phylogenetic implications (Orthoptera, Melanoplinae). ZooKeys 969: 23-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.49278

Figures S1–S4

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Implications for evolutionary trends from the pairing frequencies among golden-winged and blue-winged warblers and their hybrids

Extensive range loss for the Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) has occurred in areas of intrusion by the Blue-winged Warbler (V. cyanoptera) potentially related to their close genetic relationship. We compiled data on social pairing from nine studies for 2,679 resident Vermivora to assess evolutionary divergence. Hybridization between pure phenotypes occurred with 1.2% of resident males for sympatric populations. Pairing success rates for Golden-winged Warblers was 83% and for Blue-winged Warblers was 77%. Pairing success for the hybrid Brewster's Warbler was significantly lower from both species at 54%, showing sexual selection against hybrids. Backcross frequencies for Golden-winged Warblers at 4.9% was significantly higher than for Blue-winged Warblers at 1.7%. More frequent backcrossing by Golden-winged Warblers, which produces hybrid phenotypes, may contribute to the replacement of Golden-winged by Blue-winged Warblers. Reproductive isolation due to behavioral isolation plus sexual selection against hybrids was 0.966. Our analyses suggest that plumage differences are the main driving force for this strong isolation with reduced hybrid fitness contributing to a lesser degree. The major impact of plumage differences to reproductive isolation is compatible with genomic analyses (Toews et al. 2016), which showed the largest genetic difference between these phenotypes occurred with plumage genes. These phenotypes have maintained morphological, behavioral, and ecological differences during two centuries of hybridization. Our estimate of reproductive isolation supports recognition of these phenotypes as two species. The decline and extirpation of the Golden-winged Warbler in almost all areas of recent sympatry suggest that continued coexistence of both species will require eco-geographic isolation.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

The implications of different approaches to define AT(N) in Alzheimer's disease

Objective: To compare different amyloid-β (A), tau (T) and neurodegeneration (N) [AT(N)] variants within the Swedish BioFINDER studies. Methods: A total of490 participants were classified into AT(N) groups. These include 53 cognitively unimpaired (CU) and 48 cognitively impaired (CI) participants (14 mild cognitive impairment [MCI] and 34 AD dementia) from BioFINDER-1 and 389 participants from BioFINDER-2 (245 CU and 144 CI subjects [138 MCI and six AD dementia]).Biomarkers for "A" were CSF Aβ42 and Amyloid-PET ([18F]flutemetamol); for "T" CSF P-tau and Tau-PET ([18F]flortaucipir); and for "(N)" hippocampal volume, temporal cortical thickness and CSF neurofilament light (NfL). Binarization of biomarkers was achieved using cut-offs defined in other cohorts. The relationship between different AT(N) combinations and cognitive trajectories (longitudinal Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores) was examined using linear mixed modelling and coefficient of variation. Results: Among CU subjects, A-T-(N)- or A+T-(N)- variants were most common. However, more T+ cases were seen using P-tau than Tau-PET. Among CI subjects,A+T+(N)+ was more common; however, more (N)+ cases were seen for MRI-measures relative to CSF NfL. Tau-PET best predicted longitudinal cognitive decline in CI and P-tau in CU subjects. Among CI subjects, continuous T (especially Tau-PET) and (N) measures improved the prediction of cognitive decline compared to binary measures. Conclusions: Our findings show that different AT(N) variants are not interchangeable, and that optimal variants differ by clinical stage. In some cases, dichotomizing biomarkers may result in loss of important prognostic information.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Manuscript code & data: Foster et al. (2020) "Satellite-based monitoring of irrigation water use: assessing measurement errors and their implications for agricultural water management policy"

Data to reproduce results presented in Foster, T., Mieno, T. and Brozovic, N. (2020). Satellite-based monitoring of irrigation water use: assessing measurement errors and their implications for agricultural water management policy. Water Resources Research. In Review. Files provide include: <ul> <li>"ReviewMetadata_FosterWRR_2020.xlsx" - data needed to reproduce meta-analysis presented in the paper</li> <li>"MeasurementErrorCode_FosterWRR_2020.m" and "Foster2018_ProductionFunction.mat" - Matlab code and data needed to reproduce welfare loss analysis presented in the paper.</li> </ul>

Heat tolerances of temperate and tropical birds and their implications for susceptibility to climate warming

<ol> <li>Characterizing heat tolerance is critical for predicting an organism's vulnerability to climate warming. Recent studies of ectotherms report that impacts of climate warming are expected to be greater in the tropics, where ectotherms tend to have lower heat tolerances and experience air temperatures closer to their heat tolerance limits than their temperate counterparts. However, similar comparisons of heat tolerance are largely lacking for endotherms, and it remains an open question whether climate warming will also disproportionately affect tropical endotherms.</li> <li>To address this empirical gap, we measured thermoregulatory responses to acute heat stress in 81 bird species (23 temperate, 58 tropical), assembling the largest comparative dataset of endothermic heat tolerances to date.</li> <li>After controlling for body mass and experimental chamber humidity, temperate species had significantly higher heat tolerance limits (ΔHTL = 2.2 °C; 45.2 vs. 40 °C) and upper critical temperatures (ΔUCT = 1.1 °C; 38.7 vs. 37.6 °C) on average than tropical species. Importantly, however, these differences do not appear to impact vulnerability to climate warming, as neither thermal safety margins (i.e. the difference between UCT and maximum air temperature, Tmax) nor warming tolerances ( the difference between HTL and Tmax) differed between temperate and tropical species. We also observed substantial variation in heat tolerance among avian orders, with pigeons and doves (Columbiformes) being among the most heat tolerant species in our dataset.</li> <li>Overall, our results suggest that, from a physiological standpoint, tropical birds may not be systematically more susceptible to climate warming than temperate birds, contrasting previous studies of ectotherms. Furthermore, we show that certain avian clades may be more resilient to warming irrespective of local climate. However, because we only sampled at one temperate and one tropical site, we caution that replication from other habitats and localities are needed to evaluate the generality of our findings.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Data from: Landscape-dependent effects of varietal mixtures on insect pest control and implications for farmer profits

Intraspecific plant diversity can significantly impact insect herbivore populations in natural systems. Yet, its role as an insect pest control strategy in agriculture has received less attention, and little is known about which crop traits are important to herbivores in different landscape contexts. Moreover, empirical economic analyses on the cost-effectiveness of varietal mixtures is lacking. We used varietal mixtures of Brassica oleracea crops on working farms to examine how two metrics of intraspecific crop diversity—varietal richness and number of plant colors (color richness)—affect crop damage and the incidence and abundance of two insect pest species, Pieris rapae and Phyllotreta spp. We evaluated the context-dependency of varietal mixtures by sampling early and late season plantings of B. oleracea crops in farms across a gradient of landscape composition. We developed crop budgets and used a net present value analysis to assess the impact of varietal mixtures on input and labor costs, crop revenues, and profit. We found context-dependent effects of varietal mixtures on both pests. In early season plantings, color richness did not affect Phyllotreta spp. populations. However, increasing varietal richness reduced Phyllotreta spp. incidence in simple landscapes dominated by cropland, but this trend was reversed in complex landscapes dominated by natural habitats. In late season plantings, color richness reduced the incidence and abundance of P. rapae larvae, but only in complex landscapes where their populations were highest. Varietal richness had the same effect on P. rapae larvae as color richness. Unexpectedly, we consistently found lower pest pressure and reduced crop damage in simple landscapes. Although varietal mixtures did not affect crop damage, increasing color richness corresponded with increased profits, due to increased revenue and a marginal reduction in labor and input costs. We demonstrate varietal mixtures can significantly impact pest populations, and this effect can be mediated by intraspecific variation in crop color. However, the strength and direction of these effects vary by season, landscape composition, and pest species. The association between varietal color richness and profitability indicates farmers could design mixtures to enhance economic returns. We recommend additional research on the benefits of intraspecific trait variation for farmers.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Kinematic, Metamorphic and Age Constraints on the Miyar Thrust Zone: Implications for the Eohimalayan History of the High Himalayan Crystalline of NW India

Table 1: Instrumental setup and operating conditions during the LA-ICP-MS analyses Table 2: U/Th-Pb Analytical Data