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Data from: Positive feedback between ecological and reproductive character displacement in a young avian hybrid zone
Character displacement can reduce costly interspecific interactions between young species. We investigated the mechanisms behind divergence in three key traits - breeding habitat choice, timing of breeding and plumage coloration - in Ficedula flycatchers. We found that male pied flycatchers became expelled from the preferred deciduous habitat into mixed forest as the superior competitor, collared flycatchers, increased in numbers. The peak in food abundance differs between habitats, and the spatial segregation was paralleled by an increased divergence in timing of breeding between the two species. Male pied flycatchers vary from brown to black with brown coloration being more frequent in sympatry with collared flycatchers, a pattern often proposed to result from selection against hybridization, i.e. reinforcement. In contrast to this view, we show that brown male pied flycatchers more often hybridize than black males. Male pied flycatcher plumage coloration influenced the territory obtained in areas of co-occurrence with collared flycatchers, and brown male pied flycatchers experienced higher relative fitness than black males when faced with heterospecific competition. We suggest that allopatric divergence in resource defense ability causes a feedback loop at secondary contact where male pied flycatchers with the most divergent strategy compared to collared flycatchers are favored by selection.
Data from: Pharmacological characterisation of S 47445, a novel positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors
S 47445 is a novel positive allosteric modulator of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPA-PAM). S 47445 enhanced glutamate's action at AMPA receptors on human and rat receptors and was inactive at NMDA and kainate receptors. Potentiation did not differ among the different AMPA receptors subtypes (GluA1/2/4 flip and flop variants) (EC50 between 2.5–5.4 μM), except a higher EC50 value for GluA4 flop (0.7 μM) and a greater amount of potentiation on GluA1 flop. A low concentration of S 47445 (0.1 μM) decreased receptor response decay time of GluA1flop/GluA2flip AMPA receptors and increased the sensitivity to glutamate. Furthermore, S 47445 (0.1 and 0.3 μM) in presence of repetitive glutamate pulses induced a progressive potentiation of the glutamate-evoked currents from the second pulse of glutamate confirming a rapid-enhancing effect of S 47445 at low concentrations. The potentiating effect of S 47445 (1 μM) was concentration-dependently reversed by the selective AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI52466 demonstrating the selective modulatory effect of S 47445 on AMPA receptors. Using an AMPA-kainate chimera approach, it was confirmed that S 47445 binds to the common binding pocket of AMPA-PAMs. S 47445 did not demonstrate neurotoxic effect against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in vitro, in contrast significantly protected rat cortical neurons at 10 μM. S 47445 was shown to improve both episodic and spatial working memory in adult rodents at 0.3 mg/kg, as measured in the natural forgetting condition of object recognition and T-maze tasks. Finally, no deleterious effect on spontaneous locomotion and general behavior was observed up to 1000 mg/kg of S 47445 given acutely in rodents, neither occurrence of convulsion or tremors. Collectively, these results indicate that S 47445 is a potent and selective AMPA-PAM presenting procognitive and potential neuroprotective properties. This drug is currently evaluated in clinical phase 2 studies in Alzheimer's disease and in Major Depressive Disorder.
Data from: Position-dependent hearing in three species of bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera)
A primary task of auditory systems is the localization of sound sources in space. Sound source localization in azimuth is usually based on temporal or intensity differences of sounds between the bilaterally arranged ears. In mammals, localization in elevation is possible by transfer functions at the ear, especially the pinnae. Although insects are able to locate sound sources, little attention is given to the mechanisms of acoustic orientation to elevated positions. Here we comparatively analyse the peripheral hearing thresholds of three species of bushcrickets in respect to sound source positions in space. The hearing thresholds across frequencies depend on the location of a sound source in the three-dimensional hearing space in front of the animal. Thresholds differ for different azimuthal positions and for different positions in elevation. This position-dependent frequency tuning is species specific. Largest differences in thresholds between positions are found in Ancylecha fenestrata. Correspondingly, A. fenestrata has a rather complex ear morphology including cuticular folds covering the anterior tympanal membrane. The position-dependent tuning might contribute to sound source localization in the habitats. Acoustic orientation might be a selective factor for the evolution of morphological structures at the bushcricket ear and, speculatively, even for frequency fractioning in the ear.
Figure 9 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 9 Body segments of the first instar larva of G. ruficollisA pronotum, dorsal view (A' its epipleura, lateral view) B mesonotum, dorsal view (B' its epipleura, lateral view) C metanotum, dorsal view D sternites and pleurites of prothorax E sternites and pleurites of mesothorax F tergite of abdominal segment I G tergite of abdominal segment IV H sternites and pleurites of abdominal segment I I sternites and pleurites of abdominal segment III J sternites and pleurites of abdominal segment IV K abdominal segments VIII–X, lateral view L abdominal segments IX–X, dorsal view (left half of tergite IX not shown) M, N abdominal segment X (M lateral view N dorsal view N' ventral view); p.o. – pleural organ or pleuropod; sp. – spiracle. Scale bars: 1.0 mm (A–K); 0.5 mm (L); 0.1 mm (M, N).
Figure 8 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 8 Head and nasale of larvae of the first (B, D), second (C, E) and third (A, F, G) instars A–EG. ruficollisF–GDrypta ussuriensis Jedlička, 1963 A, F head, right lateral view B, C frontale, dorsal view D, E, G nasale A microsetae not shown. Not to scale.
Figure 7 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 7 Head and the appendages of the first instar larva of G. ruficollisA head, dorsal view B head, left lateral view C head, ventral view D apical antennomere E right maxillary palp F galea G apical segment of labial palp A, C with neither left antenna nor labial palp, nor right mandible. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A–C); 0.1 mm (D–G).
Figure 6 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 6 Microsculpture and the chaetotaxy of G. ruficollis larvae: A–F microsculpture (A frontale B parietale C prothorax D mesothorax E abdominal tergite F abdominal sternite) G–L types of chaetae (G MC H mC I mB J MA1 J' mA K MA2 L MB). Not to scale.
Figure 4 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 4 Time of development and change in mass (means and 95% confidence intervals) of preimaginal stages of G. ruficollis.
Figure 12 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 12 Pleural areas of pupae of ground beetles, ventral view AGaleritini (G. ruficollis) B–DPlatynini (BMetacolpodes buchanani (Hope. 1831) CLimodromus assimilis (Paykull, 1790) DAgonum (Olisares) sculptipes (Bates, 1883) E–GPterostichini (EPterostichus (Pseudomaseus) nigrita (Paykull, 1790) FPterostichus (Lenapterus) costatus (Ménétriés, 1851) GPoecilus (Poecilus) reflexicollis Gebler, 1830) HChlaeniini (Chlaenius (Achlaenius) variicornis A. Morawitz, 1863) IOodini (Oodes (Oodes) integer Semenov, 1889) JLicinini (Diplocheila (Isorembus) minima Jedlička, 1931) K – Odacanthini (Odacantha (Odacantha) puziloi Solsky, 1875) L–NHarpalini (LStenolophus (Stenolophus) propinquus A. Morawitz, 1862 MHarpalus (Pseudoophonus) sinicus Hope, 1845 NDicheirotrichus (Trichocellus) placidus (Gyllenhal, 1827) OCarabini (Carabus (Coptolabrus) smaragdinus Fischer von Waldheim, 1823) PPogonini (Pogonus (Pogonus) transfuga Chaudoir, 1871) Q–SZabrini (QHarpalodema fausti Reitter, 1888 RAmara (Celia) saginata (Ménétriés, 1847) SAmara (Curtonotus) alpina (Paykull, 1790)) T, ULebiini (TParena tripunctata (Bates, 1873) UCymindis (Tarsostinus) lateralis Fischer von Waldheim, 1820). Not to scale.
Figure 10 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 10 Legs of the first instar larva of G. ruficollisA, B, C front, middle and hind legs, respectively D apex of tarsus, frontally and above E, F anterior and posterior claws, respectively. Scale bars: 1 mm (F–C); 0.1 mm (D); not to scale (E, F).
Figure 1 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 1 Mud cells of G. ruficollis: A–C mud cells on different substrates D egg in a mud cell E, F mud cells and remains of the chorion after larval hatching. Not to scale.
Figure 3 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 3 First instar larva of G. ruficollis after hatching A immediately after hatching B two hours after hatching. Not to scale.
Figure 2 from: Makarov KV, Matalin AV (2021) The preimaginal stages of Galerita ruficollis Dejean, 1825 and the position of the tribe Galeritini in the classification of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 527-561. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.63085
Figure 2 Eggs of G. ruficollis at different stages of the development: A immediately after oviposition B two days after oviposition, stage of the germ band C four days after oviposition, the appearance of eye spots and the beginning of leg differentiation D six days after oviposition, formation of the tracheal system E eight days after oviposition, full formation of legs and appendages F–H chaetotaxy developed after 9–10 days I larva just before hatching. Not to scale.
Data from: Clinical efficacy of implantation of toric intraocular lenses with different incision positions: a comparative study of steep-axis incision and non-steep-axis incision
Background: To compare the clinical outcomes after implantation of AcrySof Toric IOLs with different clear corneal incisions. Methods: Sixty cataract patients with regular corneal astigmatism who underwent phacoemulsification combined with implantation of an AcrySof Toric IOL were enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to the position of the clear corneal incision: steep-axis and non-steep-axis. Main outcome measurements included visual acuity, residual astigmatism and changes of corneal astigmatism 3 months postoperatively. Deviation of IOL axis according to the re-calculation using the actual surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and visual function 3 months after surgery were also evaluated. Results: The corneal astigmatism decreased significantly in steep-axis group 3 months postoperatively (P < 0.05). Besides, more patients in non-steep-axis group were with irregular corneal astigmatism after the surgery (43.33% vs 10%, P = 0.004). The deviation of IOL axis according to the re-calculation using the actual SIA was significantly larger in non-steep-axis group than that of steep-axis group (P < 0.001). Moreover, the postoperative visual function was better in eyes of steep-axis group in various measurements, including point spread function, modulation transfer function and high-order aberrations. Conclusion: Steep-axis clear corneal incision could reduce the cylinder power of toric IOL and lower the chance of postoperative irregular astigmatism, which may consequently improve the postoperative visual quality.
Data from: Sexual selection is positively associated with ecological generalism among agamid lizards
Natural and sexual selection shape the evolution of species, but the interplay between them is poorly understood. Two phylogenetic studies on birds have suggested that species with greater sexual dichromatism use more habitats. Here, we show that in Agamid lizards, species with more elaborate secondary sexual traits also are ecologically more opportunistic. Species with greater dimorphism in head size and ornamentation have greater altitudinal range and occupy more habitats, respectively, and species with greater sexual dichromatism have a wider microhabitat use. Body size was positively associated with sexual and ecological traits but associations between ecological and sexual traits remained after accounting for body size. The results are consistent with the earlier studies and we suggest that sexual and natural selection may be linked through sexual selection promotes generalism at the population level by favouring 'good genes', or higher population densities cause both stronger sexual selection and broader resource use.
Data from: Distinct copulation positions in Drosophila pachea males with symmetric or asymmetric external genitalia
Left-right asymmetric genitalia have appeared multiple times independently in insects and have been associated with changes in mating positions. However, there is little experimental data on how the evolution of genital asymmetries may have affected the evolution of mating positions or vice versa. As opposed to its closely-related species, Drosophila pachea has a conspicuous asymmetry in its male genitalia external lobes, with the left lobe being 1.49 ± 0.08 (SD) times longer and thinner than the right lobe. In a laboratory stock, we found that 20% of the males possess fully symmetric lobes. To better understand how asymmetric genitalia may affect mating, we compared D. pachea copulation behaviour between these mutant males and wild-type males. We found that D. pachea wild-type males adopt a one-sided mating posture with the male always one-sided 8.55° ± 1.79° (SD) towards the female's right side. Within 45-min recordings, all wild-type males did mate whereas 39% of symmetric mutants failed to form a stable mating complex and did not mate. In successful copulations, symmetric mutants also adopted a right-sided mating posture but the angle between male and female bodies was significantly more variable compared to wild-type males. Our results suggest that lobe size asymmetry is required for the formation of a stable mating complex and for the positioning of the male according to a precise angle on the female. However, lobe size asymmetry is not required for D. pachea right-sided mating posture.
Supplementary material 1 from: Gowande GG, Bhosale HS, Phansalkar PU, Sawant M, Mirza ZA (2021) On the systematics and the phylogenetic position of the poorly known, montane dragon-lizard species Pseudocalotes austeniana (Annandale, 1908) (Squamata, Agamidae, Draconinae). Evolutionary Systematics 5(1): 141-150. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.67137
A list of species, their corresponding sequences and accession numbers used in this study
Supplementary material 2 from: Gowande GG, Bhosale HS, Phansalkar PU, Sawant M, Mirza ZA (2021) On the systematics and the phylogenetic position of the poorly known, montane dragon-lizard species Pseudocalotes austeniana (Annandale, 1908) (Squamata, Agamidae, Draconinae). Evolutionary Systematics 5(1): 141-150. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.67137
Figure S1
FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of the enigmatic Orobanche krylowii (Orobanchaceae), a predominatly Asian species newly found in Albania (SE Europe)
FIGURE 2. Iconography of Orobanche krylowii from Albania.
FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic position and taxonomy of the enigmatic Orobanche krylowii (Orobanchaceae), a predominatly Asian species newly found in Albania (SE Europe)
FIGURE 3. Photos of Orobanche krylowii from Albania with its host Thalictrum minus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.