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FIGURE 3 in Anatomical and macromorphological data support a new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Distribution of Phyllanthus megastylus in Brazil. A. Brazil map with detail of the southeast region. B. Southeast region showing its states. C. Occurrence of Phyllanthus megastylus in the state of Espírito Santo. Abbreviations for the Brazilian states: ES= Espíırito Santo; MG=Minas Gerais; SP =São Paulo; RJ= Rio de Janeiro.

FIGURE. 2. Phyllanthus megastylus, A and B. Habit. C. Stem. D. Fertile branch with young pistillate flower. E. Fertile branch with pistillate flower. F. Staminate flower. G and. H in Anatomical and macromorphological data support a new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. 2. Phyllanthus megastylus, A and B. Habit. C. Stem. D. Fertile branch with young pistillate flower. E. Fertile branch with pistillate flower. F. Staminate flower. G and. H. Pistillate flower. [Photos A, B, F and G by Ricardo Ribeiro and C, D, E and H by Alícia Torres].

FIGURE. 1. Phyllanthus megastylus, A. Habit. B in Anatomical and macromorphological data support a new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE. 1. Phyllanthus megastylus, A. Habit. B. Detail of the stem showing papillae. C. Stipules. D. Leaf. E. Staminate cymule. F. Staminate flower. G. Pistillate bract. H. Pistillate flower. I. Fruit. J. Immature seed [Drawings by Felipe Martins, from the holotype and Paratype A. M. Torres & R. S. Ribeiro 237 UFG].

FIGURE 4 in Anatomical and macromorphological data support a new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Cross sections in the leaf blade and petiole of Phyllanthus megastylus (A, B, C, D, E, F) and P. itamarajuensis (G, H, I, J, K, L, M). A, G, H. Mesophyll; B,I. border; C, J. Midrib; D, K. Vascular bundle; E, L. General aspect of the petiole; E, M. Vascular bundle of the petiole. co—cortex, d—druses, ep—epidermis, fi—fibers, p—papillae, pa—ground parenchyma, pp—palisade parenchyma. sp—spongy parenchyma, vb—vascular bundle. Gray arrows show druses and black arrows indicate stomata. Scale bars (A, B, C, G, H, I, J= 40 µm, D, E, F, K, L, M = 20 µm).

Fig. 6 in New data on the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae): A new species from New Caledonia mangroves, and a redescription of E. bengalensis (Timm, 1958)

Fig. 6. Light micrographs showing overviews and details of (A) female topotype, USNM-1182922 24, (B, D) male topotype, USNM-1182922 08, (C, E, I, J) female topotype, USNM-1182922 26, (F) male topotype, USNM-235522 50, (G, H) female topotype, USNM-235522 04, of Echinoderes bengalensis from Sonadia Island, Bangladesh. (A) Ventral overview of female. (B) Ventral overview of male. (C) Segments 1 to 5, dorsal view. (D) Segments 1 to 5, ventral view. (E) Segments 6 to 9, dorsal view. (F) Segments 7 to 10, ventral view. (G) Segments 9 to 10, dorsal view, showing female sexual dimorphism. (H) Segments 9 to 10, ventral view, showing female sexual dimorphism. (I) Segments 9 to 10, dorsal view, showing male sexual dimorphism; inset shows laterodorsal tube of segment 10, and penile spines. (J) Segments 9 to 10, ventral view, showing male sexual dimorphism. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; pe, penile spine; slsi, sublateral sieve plate; slt, sublateral tube; te, tergal extension.

Fig. 5 in New data on the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae): A new species from New Caledonia mangroves, and a redescription of E. bengalensis (Timm, 1958)

Fig. 5. Line art illustrations of Echinoderes bengalensis. (A) Female, dorsal view. (B) Female, ventral view. (C) Segments 9 to 11 in male with segment 10 retracted into segment 9, dorsal view. (D) Segments 9 to 11 in male with segment 10 retracted into segment 9, ventral view. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; pe, penile spines; slsi, sublateral sieve plate; slt, sublateral tube; vmgco1, ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1.

Fig. 4 in New data on the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae): A new species from New Caledonia mangroves, and a redescription of E. bengalensis (Timm, 1958)

Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs showing details of female Echinoderes lapitaorum sp. nov. (A) Segments 1 to 2, laterodorsal view, with area of closeup on D marked; note that laterodorsal fringed glandular cell outlets type 2 are covered by free flap of segment 1. (B) Segments 1 to 3, sublateral view, with area of close-up on E marked. (C) Segments 1 to 2, ventral view, with area of close-up on F marked. (D) Detail showing subdorsal fringed glandular cell outlet type 2 on segment 2. (E) Detail showing sublateral fringed glandular cell outlet type 2 and midlateral sensory spot on segment 3. (F) Detail showing ventrolateral fringed glandular cell outlet type 2, and ventromedial sensory spot and glandular cell outlet type 1 on segment 2. (G) Segments 3 to 4, paradorsal to sublateral positions. (H) Segments 4 to 5, laterodorsal to lateroventral positions. (I) Segments 4 to 7, ventral view. (J) Segment 6, middorsal view. (K) Segments 8 to 9, lateral view. (L) Segments 7 to 8, ventral view. (M) Segments 9 to 11, dorsal view; note how segment 10 is nearly completely retracted into segment 9. (N) Segments 9 to 11, lateral view. (O) Segments 9 to 11, lateral view. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldgco2fr, laterodorsal fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvgco1, sublateral glandular cell outlet type 1; lvt, lateroventral tube; mlss, midlateral sensory spot; pdgco2fr, paradorsal fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; pdss, paradorsal sensory spot; sdgco2fr, subdorsal fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; slgco2fr, sublateral fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; slsi, sublateral sieve plate; te, tergal extension; vlgco2fr, ventrolateral fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; vmgco1, ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot.

Fig. 1 in New data on the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae): A new species from New Caledonia mangroves, and a redescription of E. bengalensis (Timm, 1958)

Fig. 1. Line art illustrations of Echinoderes lapitaorum sp. nov. (A) Male, dorsal view. (B) Male, ventral view. (C) Female, segments 10 to 11, dorsal view. (D) Female, segments 10 to 11, ventral view. Abbreviations: lat, lateral accessory tube; ldgco2fr, laterodorsal fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; ldt, laterodorsal tube; ltas, lateral terminal accessory spine; lvgco1, sublateral glandular cell outlet type 1; lvt, lateroventral tube; mlss, midlateral sensory spot; pdss, paradorsal sensory spot; pe, penile spines; sdgco2fr, subdorsal fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; slgco2fr, sublateral fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; slsi, sublateral sieve plate; vlgco2fr, ventrolateral fringed glandular cell outlet type 2; vmgco1, ventromedial glandular cell outlet type 1.

Fig. 3 in New data on the Echinoderes coulli-group (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae): A new species from New Caledonia mangroves, and a redescription of E. bengalensis (Timm, 1958)

Fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs showing overviews of female Echinoderes lapitaorum sp. nov. (A) Ventral overview. (B) Ventrolateral overview. (C) Lateral overview.

Figure 5 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 5. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 25.0 mm, ZMB 34607, from Moyamba District, Sierra Leone: a, right cheliped, frontal view; b, left cheliped, frontal view; i, right cheliped carpus superior view; m, right cheliped merus superior view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: c, right cheliped, frontal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 50A); d, left cheliped, frontal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 50A); j, right cheliped carpus superior view; n, right cheliped merus superior view. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: e, right cheliped, frontal view; f, left cheliped, frontal view; k, right cheliped carpus superior view; o, right cheliped merus superior view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: g, right cheliped, frontal view; h, left cheliped, frontal view; l, right cheliped carpus superior view; p, right cheliped merus superior view. Photographs a, b, e, f, i, k, m, o by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; g, h, l, p by Neil Cumberlidge and Margaret Lorenz; j, n by Michael Türkay. Scale bar: a–h = 11.2 mm; i–p = 5.6 mm. CW = carapace width, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 2 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 2. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂, CW 25.0 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,607, from Moyamba District, Sierra Leone: a, whole animal, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: b, whole animal, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: c, whole animal, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: d, whole animal, dorsal view. Photographs a, c by PAMN; b by Michael Türkay; d by N. Cumberlidge and M. Lorenz. Scale bar: a = 17.2 mm; b = 15.5 mm; c = 18.9 mm; d = 15.7 mm. CW = carapace width, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA, PAMN = Pierre Armand Mvogo Ndongo.

Figure 3 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 3. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 25.0 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,607, from Moyamba District, Sierra Leone: a, carapace, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: b, carapace, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: c, carapace, dorsal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: d, carapace, dorsal view. Photographs a, c by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; b by Michael Türkay; d by N. Cumberlidge and M. Lorenz. Scale bar: a = 7.8 mm, b = 7.1 mm, c = 8.3 mm, d = 7.6 mm. CW = carapace width, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 6 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 6. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 29.5 mm, SMNH 168, Sierra Leone: a, G1 ventral view; b, G2 ventral view; c, G1 dorsal view; m, third maxilliped, frontal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: d, G1 ventral view; e, G2 ventral view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 53AA); f, G1 dorsal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 52B); n, third maxilliped, frontal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 49A). Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: g, G1 ventral view; h, G2 ventral view; i, G1 dorsal view; o, third maxilliped, frontal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: j, G1 ventral view; k, G2 ventral view; l, G1 dorsal view; p, third maxilliped, frontal view. Photographs a–c, g–i, m, o by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; j–l, p by Neil Cumberlidge and Margaret Lorenz; d by Michael Türkay. Scale bar: a, c, d, f, g, i, j, l = 10.0 mm; b, e, h, k = 5.8 mm; m–p = 2.4 mm. CW = carapace width, SMNH = Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, G1 = gonopod 1, G2 = gonopod 2, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, SMF = Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 1 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 1. Distribution map of West Africa showing the known localities of all Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 species in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi, 1924) (black triangle, not shown to scale); A. leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987) (black circles, not shown to scale); A. monodosa (Bott, 1959) (black squares, not shown to scale); A. gerhildae Bott, 1969 (black diamond, not shown to scale). For exact localities see text. Scale bar = 111 km.

Figure 8 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 8. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree topology of the four species of Afrithelphusa from West Africa based on mtDNA sequences corresponding to partial 16S rRNA and COI genes. Two outgroup taxa (Louisea edeaensis and Buea mundemba) are also shown. BI and ML statistical values on the nodes indicate posterior probabilities and bootstrap support, respectively. BI = Bayesian Inference.

Figure 4 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 4. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), adult ♂ CW 25.0 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,607, from Moyamba District, Sierra Leone: a, carapace, frontal view; d, thoracic sternum, h, mandible frontal view. Afrithelphusa gerhildae Bott, 1969, adult ♂ CW 22.5 mm, SMF 2619a, Le Voile de la Mariée, Kindia, Guinea: e, thoracic sternum, i, mandible frontal view (Cumberlidge 1999, fig. 48A). Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, ZMB Crust. 34,606, from Guma Lake, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: b, carapace, frontal view; f, thoracic sternum, j, mandible frontal view. Afrithelphusa monodosa (Bott, 1969), adult ♂, CW 24.3 mm, NMU 24.IV.2005, Sarabaya, Guinea: c, carapace, frontal view; g, thoracic sternum, k, mandible, frontal view. Photographs a, c by P. A. Mvogo Ndongo; d by Neil Cumberlidge and Margaret Lorenz; e by Michael Türkay. Scale bar: a = 8.9 mm; b = 9.6 mm; c = 11.6 mm; d–g = 8.0 mm; h–k = 3.1 mm. CW = carapace width, ZMB = Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany, NMU = Northern Michigan University, USA.

Figure 7 in A revision of the West African freshwater crab genus Afrithelphusa Bott, 1969 (Brachyura: Deckeniidae: Deckeniinae) based on new morphological and genetic data

Figure 7. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi 1924), lectotype, adult ♂ CW 29.5 mm, SMNH 168, Sierra Leone: a, whole animal, dorsal view; c, whole animal, sternal view; e, carapace, frontal-dorsal view. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987), holotype, adult ♂, CW 26.4 mm, NHM 1955.10.7.42–43, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Sierra Leone: b, whole animal, dorsal view; d, whole animal, sternal view; f, carapace, frontal view. Photographs a, c, e by Neil Cumberlidge, b, d, f by Phillip Crabb (NHM). Scale bar: a, c = 19.7; b, d = 20.3 mm; e = 12.0 mm; f = 11.0 mm. CW = carapace width, SMNH = Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, NHM = The Natural History Museum, London, UK.

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Extended Data Fig. 9 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 9 | Additional results of the morphological disparity analyses. Bivariate plots using: a, Whole skeleton;b, Skull;c, Rostrum; d, Forelimb; e, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium; f, Hindlimb.Sum of variances:g, Whole skeleton;h, Skull;i, Rostrum;j, Forelimb; k, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;l, Hindlimb. In the Sum of Variances the dots are means and the 95% confidence intervals were generated using the two tails of values recovered from 9,999 bootstrap technical replicates of a dataset composed of n = 5 (Whole skeleton,Skull),n = 4 (Rostrum,Forelimb), n = 3 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 9 (Hindlimb) species of Lagerpetidae, n = 5 (Whole skeleton),n = 6 (Skull,Forelimb),n = 7 (Rostrum, Hindlimb) and n = 3 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) species of Silesauridae,n = 18 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum), n = 16 (Forelimb),n = 14 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 19 (Hindlimb) species of Dinosauria,and n = 10 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum),n = 7 (Forelimb, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 6 (Hindlimb) species of Pterosauria. The pterosauromorph silhouette has been adapted from Kellner et al.10 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The silesaurid silhouette has been adapted from Müller & Garcia43 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Extended Data Fig. 7 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 7 | Ancestral geographic areas reconstructed by the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model in the eucrocopodan region of the tree. Abbreviations:AR, Argentina;BR, Brazil,Uruguay,Namibia;CH, China, Thailand,Kyrgyzstan;eNA, eastern USA, Eastern Canada,Morocco and Algeria; EU, Europe, Russia and Greenland;INT, India,Tanzania, Zambia,Madagascar, Israel and Saudi Arabia; sAF, South Africa,Lesotho,Zimbabwe; wNA, western USA, British Columbia, Mexico and Venezuela. Life reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen.et sp.nov.by Caio Fantini.