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FIGURE 1 in Morphology and Phylogeny of a New Frontonia Ciliate, F. paramagna spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Peniculida) from Harbin, Northeast China

FIGURE 1. Frontonia paramagna spec. nov. from life (A, B, C, E) and after staining with silver carbonate (D, F–H). A. Ventral view of a typical individual, arrow refers to contractile vacuole. B. Lateral view. C. Different body shapes. D. Ventral views showing arrangement of extrusomes, sutures and contractile vacuole. E. Three types of extrusomes. F, G. Infraciliature of ventral and dorsal side. H. Structure of oral apparatus. Scale bars in (A, B, F, G) = 200 µm. AS, anterior suture; CV, contractile vacuole; CVP, contractile vacuole pore; Ma, macronucleus; P1–3, peniculus 1, 2, 3; PK, postoral kineties; PM, paroral membrane; PS, postoral suture; VK, vestibular kineties.

FIGURE 3 in Morphology and Phylogeny of a New Frontonia Ciliate, F. paramagna spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Peniculida) from Harbin, Northeast China

FIGURE 3. Frontonia paramagna spec. nov. from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (A, B, F, G, H) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (C–E). A. SEM photograph of a typical individual. B. Arrowhead shows the buccal field. C, F. Arrowhead shows the spindle-shaped trichocyst. D. Arrowhead shows the mucocyst. E. Arrowhead shows another type of trichocyst. G. Arrowheads show the fibre layers. H. Arrowheads show the vestibular kineties (VK) and the columnar structure. Scale bars in (A) =20µm; in (B) =6µm; in Fig (C, D) = 0.3µm; in Fig. (E, F) =1µm; in Fig. G = 2µm; in Fig. H = 4µm.

FIGURES 1–9 in Description of Epistylis riograndensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) found in an artificial lake in Southern Brazil

FIGURES 1–9 (1–4 Obtained from in vivo specimens and 5–9 from protargol stained colonies). 1. General view of a colony of Epistylis riograndensis. 2. Detail of the elongate zooids. 3. Peristomial lip of a fully expanded zooid (arrow). 4. Macronucleus of a living zooid (arrow). 5. Protargol stained zooid showing the myonemes. 6. Trochal band with one row of kinetososmes. 7. General view of the oral polykinetids (PK1, PK2, and PK3). 8. Detail of oral polikinetids 1 and 2(PK1 and PK2), and macronucleus (arrow). 9. Detail of oral polykinetid 3 (PK3).

FIGURE 12 in Description of Epistylis riograndensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) found in an artificial lake in Southern Brazil

FIGURE 12. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram showing the placement of Epistylis riograndensis n. sp. (in bold) in Peritrichia phylogenetic tree, on the basis of 18S rDNA sequences. Values above the branches indicate bootstrap values for adjacent nodes with ML and MP; values below the branches indicate bootstrap support with neighbor-joining algorithm (NJ) and clade posterior probabilities (shown as percentages) estimated with Bayesian inference. The tree is drawn to scale, and the analyses involved 24 nucleotide sequences.

FIGURE 10–11 in Description of Epistylis riograndensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) found in an artificial lake in Southern Brazil

FIGURE 10–11. Schematic drawing of a colony of E. riograndensis showing the macronucleus (MAC), the contractile vacuole (CV), and a contracted zooid with transversal folds near the scopula. 11. Schematic drawing of the three infundibular oral polykinetids (PK1, PK2, and PK3).

FIGURE 4 in A taxonomic revision of order Pilisuctorida (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) with keys to the subordinate taxa

FIGURE 4. Conidophryid ciliates found in Ukraine and Mexico. A—individual of Conidophrys fucatum at the seta of Gammarus balcanicus (Ukraine; ×640); B—division individual of C. fucatum at the seta of G. aequicauda (Ukraine; ×640); C—individual of C. fucatum at the short seta of Gammarus balcanicus (Ukraine; ×640); D—individual of C. fucatum at the seta of Hyalella azteca (Mexico; ×400); E—C. enkystotrophos at short seta of Echinogammarus olivii (Ukraine, ×640); F—C. pіtelkae at the seta of Litopenaeus setiferus (Mexico; ×400).

FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic revision of order Pilisuctorida (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) with keys to the subordinate taxa

FIGURE 3. The life cycles of ciliates from genera Conidophrys and Ascophrys after different authors. A—trophont of Conidophrys with two tomites; B—emerged tomite of Conidophrys; C—Conidophrys' tomite attached to seta; D—lacrymoid stage of Conidophrys' trophont development; E—spheroid stage of Conidophrys; F, G—cucurbitoid stages of Conidophrys; H—frontal view of Ascophrys rodor zenithal tomite; I—frontal view of nadiral tomite (m—macronucleus; o. f.—adhesive organelle); J—phoront stage in circular cyst; K—the early stage of trophont development; L—trophont stage; M—the development of trophont to tomont (propagative trophont) stage; N—tomitogenesis; O—the hatching of tomites; P—the field of trophont primordial ciliature; Q—the primary anlage of infraciliature in young tomont; R—multiplication of infraciliature anlages before tomitogenesis (stage M); S and T—two sequential phases of tomite infraciliature morphogenesis (a—"narrowed field; b—"ampliate field). (A–G—modified from Chatton and Lwoff 1936; H–T—modified from Campillo and Deroux 1974).

FIGURE 2 in A taxonomic revision of order Pilisuctorida (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) with keys to the subordinate taxa

FIGURE 2. Ciliates of genera Askoella and Ascophrys described by different authors. A—ventral side of Askoella janssoni; B—dorsal side of A. janssoni (scale bar 10 µm); C—macronucleus morphology of A. janssoni; D—A. heliostoma; E—trophont of Ascophrys rodor: F—phoront of Ascophrys rodor (A–C—modified from Fenchel, 1965; D—modified from Jankowski 1967b; E-F—modified from Deroux, Campillo and Bradbury, 1975).

FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic revision of order Pilisuctorida (Ciliophora, Apostomatia) with keys to the subordinate taxa

FIGURE 1. Ciliates of genus Conidophrys described by different authors. A—Mycodinium fucatum; B—trophont of Conidophrys pilisuctor; C—tomite of C. pilisuctor (lateral view); D—individual at the short seta of Jassa falcata; Eindividual of C. guttipotor at the short seta of Sphaeroma serratum; F—individual at the host non-secretory seta; G—trophont of Conidophrys sp. from Jaera albifrons with developing tomites (Mac—macronucleus; Mic—micronucleus; Cytcytopharynx): H—cucurbitoid stage of developing trophont from J. albifrons; I—the stalk and its base; J—Conidophrys enkystotrophos; K—trophont of C. pіtelkae, left lateral view; L—trophont of C. pіtelkae, right lateral view; M—young trophont of C. pіtelkae; N—ventral view of C. pіtelkae tomite (X—tube; Cy—cytostome). (A—modified from Averinzeff 1916: B-F—modified from Chatton and Lwoff 1936; G-I—modified from Jones and Khan 1970; J—modified from Jankowski 1972; K-N—modified from Bradbury 1975).

FIGURE 1 in Description and phylogeny of a new prostomatid, Metacystis similis nov. spec. (Protista, Ciliophora) from the East China Sea

FIGURE 1. Metacystis similis nov. spec.(A, I) and similar congeners (B-H). A. Morphology of a living cell. B. Metacystis striata (Pop. I), from Stokes, 1893. C. Metacystis hyperhalina, from Dietz, 1964. D. Metacystis parastriata, from Chen, 2009. E. Metacystis elongata, from Kahl, 1928. F. Metacystis striata (Pop. II), from Borror, 1972. G. Metacystis striata (Pop. III), from Foissner, 1984. H. the infraciliature of Metacystis striata (Pop. III), from Foissner, 1984. I. Metacystis sp., from Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986. J. Infraciliature of Metacystis similis nov. spec. Cy, cytostome; DK, circumoral dikinetids; FV, food vacuole; Ma, Macronucleus; MK, circumoral monokinetids; arrowhead shows circumoral dikinetids; arrow indicates circumoral monokinetids. Scale bars: 50 µm (Figs. A, B-F, I); 40 µm (Fig. E).

FIGURE 2 in Description and phylogeny of a new prostomatid, Metacystis similis nov. spec. (Protista, Ciliophora) from the East China Sea

FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Metacystis similis nov. spec. from living specimens (A–G) and after protargol staining (H–I). A. Living individuals under low magnification. B-D. Lateral view of two typical individuals, arrows show the caudal vacuole. E. Food vacuoles and granules. F. Detail of the body surface; rectangular pellicle meshes. G. Detail of the pellicle structure; ridges on the cell surface (arrowheads). H. General infraciliature. I. Buccal area, double arrowhead refers to the circumoral ciliature. Scale bars: 50 µm (Fig. A); 30 µm (Figs. B, C, H).

FIGURE 3 in Description and phylogeny of a new prostomatid, Metacystis similis nov. spec. (Protista, Ciliophora) from the East China Sea

FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood tree inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences. Nodal support for branches in the ML and Bayesian inference (BI) trees are marked in order. Black circles indicate full support in all analyses. All branches are drawn to scale. The scale bar corresponds to ten substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. The newly sequenced species in this work is in bold font and marked by the red arrow.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters

FIGURE 5. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on SSU rRNA sequences showing the position of Rigidohymena inquieta, Pattersoniella vitiphila, Notohymena australis and Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis (in bold). Numbers at nodes are the bootstrap values from ML and the posterior probabilities from BI. Accession numbers are provided after species names. Asterisks at nodes indicate disagreement between the two methods. Arrows indicate the first included sequences. Bar, 1 substitution 100nt positions. Urostyla grandis and Anteholosticha multistilata are the outgroup taxa.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters

FIGURE 3. Notohymena australis from life (A–E) and after staining with protargol (F, G). A, B. Ventral (A) and dorsal (B) view of typical individual, showing the cortical granules that arranged in rows on dorsal side (arrowheads in B). C, E. Details of cortical granules on dorsal side, showing the different clusters (arrowheads). D. Lateral view of cortical granules (arrowheads). F. Anterior part of ventral infraciliature, arrowhead depicts the curve at the anterior end of paroral membrane. G. Ventral view of infraciliature, arrowhead refers to the multiple caudal cirri. Scale bars = 40 Μm.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters

FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Pattersoniella vitiphila in vivo (A–D) and after staining with protargol (E–G). A, B. Ventral view of two cells, showing the cirri on ventral side (A) and the contractile vacuole (B, arrow); C. Details of membranelles and their basal fibers (arrows); D. Frontal cirri and their well-developed associated basal fibers; E. Details of oral structure, showing the basal fibers of cirri; F. Dorsal kinetids and associated fibers; G. Ventral infraciliature. Scale bars: A, B = 180 Μm, G = 75 Μm.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters

FIGURE 1. Rigidohymena inquieta from life (A, F–K) and after staining with protargol (D, E, L). A. Ventral view of living cells; B, C, L. Ventral (B, L) and dorsal (C) view of infraciliature; D, E. Ventral and dorsal view during later stage of reorganization; F, G. Ventral view of two typical individuals, arrow in G marks the contractile vacuole; G. Showing the crystals in cytoplasm; H. Showing the membranelles of adoral zone (arrowhead) and the transverse cirri (arrow); I. Details of oral structure, arrowhead marks the anteriorly curved Cyrtohymena-like paroral membrane; J. The collar part of adoral zone of membrane; K. Cyst; FC, frontal cirri; LMR, left marginal row; Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal row; VC, ventral cirri; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars = 50 Μm.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetic positions of four hypotrichous ciliates (Protista, Ciliophora) based on SSU rRNA gene, with notes on their morphological characters

FIGURE 4. Cyrtohymena (Cyrtohymenides) australis from life (A–D) and after staining with protargol (E–G). A, B. Two typical individuals, showing the body shape and colour. C. Cortical granules on dorsal side, arrows mark the cortical granules that scattered in pellicle. D. Cyst. E. The three anlagen for dorsal kineties of proter (arrowheads). F, G. Four dorsomarginal anlagen of proter (arrowhead, F) and opisthe (arrowhead, G) in the same specimen as in E. Scale bars = 100 Μm (A, B), 30 Μm (D).

FIGURE 6 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 6. Euplotopsis muscicola, Slovak specimens after protargol (A, B) and silver nitrate (C–E) impregnation. (A) Lateral view. (B–D) Ventral views showing nuclear apparatus and cirral as well as silverline pattern. Arrowheads mark the two caudal cirri. (E) Dorsal view showing the ciliary pattern and the muscicola silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, CC—caudal cirri, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MC—left marginal cirri, PM—paroral membrane, TC—transverse cirri. Scale bars: 20 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 4. Euplotoides woodruffi, Slovak smecimens in vivo (A), after protargol (B–D) and silver nitrate (E, F) impregnation. (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, D, E) Ventral views showing cirral pattern, nuclear apparatus and silverline system. (C, F) Dorsal views showing ciliary pattern, nuclear apparatus and silverline system. Note the typical Y-shaped macronucleus ant the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, CC—caudal cirri, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MC—left marginal cirri, PM—paroral membrane. TC—transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 µm.

FIGURE 5 in Checklist and distribution of ciliates from the family Euplotidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (Protista: Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) in Slovakia, Central Europe

FIGURE 5. Euplotoides woodruffi, Slovak specimens in vivo (A), after protargol (B, C) and silver nitrate (D–F) impregnation. (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B) Dorsal view showing ciliary pattern and the typical Y-shaped macronucleus. (C) Ventral view showing cirral pattern and oral apparatus. (D) Ventral view of anterior body portion showing the irregular silverline system. (E, F) Dorsal view showing the double-eurystomus silverline pattern. AZM—adoral zone of membranelles, BF—buccal field, CC—caudal cirri, DK—dorsal kineties, FV—frontoventral cirri, MA—macronucleus, MC—left marginal cirri, TC—transverse cirri. Scale bars: 10 µm (F) and 50 µm (A–E).