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Figure 1 in DNA sequencing reveals unexpected Recent diversity and an ancient dichotomy in the American marsupial genus Marmosops (Didelphidae: Thylamyini)

Figure 1. Collection localities for sequenced specimens of subgenus II of Marmosops. Progressively darker shading indicates the following elevations: pale grey ≥ 500 m, medium grey ≥ 1000 m, dark grey ≥ 2000 m, and darkest grey ≥ 3000 m.

Figure 2 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 2. The total-evidence consensus tree. Red nodes, numbered 1–6, are those found in previous studies (see Fig. 1): node 1, vociferator clade (vociferator group of Morando et al., 2013); node 2, bibronii clade (present study); node 3, verdugo lineage (clade F of Lobo et al., 2012a; verdugo group of Morando et al., 2013); node 4, mallimaccii subclade (clade G of Lobo et al., 2012a; mallimacci group of Morando et al., 2013); node 5, antofagastensis lineage (clade H of Lobo et al., 2012a); node 6, punae lineage (clade I of Lobo et al., 2012a); node 7, roigorum subclade (roigorum group of Morando et al., 2013), but including the verdugo lineage (node 3). Values below branches are jackknife percentages. Phymaturus illustrating the tree, from top to the bottom: males of Phymaturus damasense, Phymaturus roigorum, Phymaturus verdugo, and Phymaturus williamsi. For more details, see the main text.

Figure 6. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 6. A, transparent mesenterium of Phymaturus palluma (MCN 2651; character 213). Scale bar: 10 mm. B, same mesenterium, but completely melanic in Phymaturus patagonicus (MCN 3561). Scale bar: 10 mm. C, external surface of rectum of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1961; character 214). Scale bar: 5 mm. D, Longitudinal folds of the internal mucosa of rectum in Phymaturus payuniae (MCN 2879; character 215). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1. A, C in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 1. A, C, recent Phymaturus palluma group topologies published using different sources of data. A, morphological hypothesis of Lobo et al. (2012a); B, molecular ('all genes') topology of Morando et al. (2013). Numbers indicates congruent nodes (relationships) between both studies. Even though these two studies share only half of the terminal taxa, respectively, and different optimality criteria for phylogenetic analyses were used (parsimony versus Bayesian), almost half of the resulting nodes are congruent. B, D, Pruning these two topologies (deleting terminal taxa not shared by both analyses), the same topology is recovered for both studies, with the exception of the position of Phymaturus roigorum.

Figure 4 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 4. Ontogeny of melanism in throat, chest, sides, and dorsum of head in Phymaturus dorsimaculatus. A, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views of juvenile male (65.1 mm snout–vent length, SVL; MCN 1578); B, juvenile male (80.3 mm SVL; MCN 1570); C, adult male (89.8 mm SVL; MCN 1572). D–G, colour pictures of different species of males of Phymaturus: D, colour picture of a live Phymaturus dorsimaculatus male (photo by F. Lobo); E, Phymaturus verdugo (photo by F. Lobo); F, Phymaturus punae (photo by J.C. Acosta); G, Phymaturus bibronii (photo by A. Laspiur).

Figure 5 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 5. Evolution of head melanism, optimized on one of the eight most parsimonious trees found from totalevidence analysis for the palluma group (all topologies imply the same scheme of changes for this particular character); blue, melanic head pigmentation absent, reticulated pattern conspicuous or in some cases any pattern at all; green, melanic throats and sides of heads, dorsum of head reticulated; purple, complete melanic heads (throats, sides, and dorsum of heads).

Figure 9. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 9. A, temporal scales of Phymaturus dorsimaculatus (MCN 1569) showing two organ scales (character 233); scale bar, 2 mm. B, cloacal region of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1960; Character 236); scale bar, 5 mm. C, female of Phymaturus verdugo (MCN 1958; snout–vent length, SVL = 99.8 mm; character 237). D, Phymaturus querque male (MCN 3863; SVL = 104.9 mm; character 249). E, Phymaturus paihuanense female (SSUC–Re 0422; photo by A. Laspiur; character 252). F, hemipenis of Phymaturus roigorum (MCN 1963; character 253); scale bar, 5 mm.

Figure 8. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 8. A, tibial dorsal scalation of Phymaturus patagonicus (MCN 3561). B, central area of the same view of P. patagonicus (same specimen) tibia, showing scales in detail (character 220). Almost every dorsal tibial scale carries a spine and a scale organ on the distal tip of the scale (arrow; character 222). C, tibial dorsal scalation of Phymaturus palluma (MCN 3131). D, central area of the same view of P. palluma (same specimen). Scale organs hidden under the scale spines. E, tibial dorsal scalation of Phymaturus denotatus (MCN 3160). F, central area of the same view of P. denotatus (same specimen). The arrow indicates granular scales spread out among tibial scales (character 223). Scale bars: A, C, E, 5 mm; B, D, F, 2 mm.

Figure 10. A in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 10. A, orbitosphenoid bone in Phymaturus aguanegra (MCN 968; character 240); the arrow indicates the cartilaginous margin of the fenestra epioptica. B, Phymaturus zapalensis (MCN 1486). C, ectopterygoid of Phymaturus spurcus (MCN 1249; character 241). D, same bone in Phymaturus laurenti (MCN 326). Abbreviations: ecp, ectopteygoid; fep, fenestra epioptica; fm, fenestra metoptica; fop, fenestra optica; fpr, fenestra prootica; j, jugal; pt, pterygoid. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 3 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 3. Independent topologies found by separate molecular and morphological analyses (the numbers below branches in A, B, and C, represent jackknife values). A, strict parsimony analysis of morphological data. B, implied weights analysis (k = 3) of morphological data. C, all-genes analysis with strict parsimony. D, Bayesian analysis of all genes concatenated. Numbers below branches represent posterior probabilities (>0.70). Green nodes are those congruent with the total-evidence analysis.

Figure 7 in On the evolution and diversification of an Andean clade of reptiles: combining morphology and DNA sequences of the palluma group (Liolaemidae: Phymaturus)

Figure 7. Epiaxial musculature fascia (characters 216–219): A, no pigmentation of fascia dorsal among axial muscles of Phymaturus roigorum (MCN 2102); B, lateral pigmentation between axial muscles forming longitudinal lines, neural spines delineated in black in Phymaturus aguanegra (MCN 3288). C, lateral and dorsal fascia of axial muscles pigmented in Phymaturus spurcus (FML 1244). D, same condition, but less melanic, observed in Phymaturus tenebrosus (MCN 1263). Neural spines highlighted in white. Scale bars: 10 mm. Abbreviations: ld, longissimus dorsi muscle; ts, transversospinalis muscle.

Figure 59 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 59. Chosen best tree of phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Soesiladeepakius using morphological data. White and black circles on branches represent, respectively, homoplasious and nonhomoplasious transformations. Numbers over branches are Bremer support values. Numbers under circles indicate number of listed characters. For discussion on question marks under these numbers, see List of characters.

Figure 58 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 58. Consensus and bootstrap values (500 pseudoreplicates) found by maximum likelihood of the all-gene matrix. Names in bold letters represent salticids, whereas names on the right of the vertical bars represent major salticid taxa.

Figure 55 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 55. Phylogenetic reconstruction of salticid lineages under parsimony: single most parsimonious tree using the all-gene matrix. Names in bold letters and grey boxes represent salticids, whereas names on the right of the vertical bars represent major salticid taxa.

Figure 54 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 54. Phylogenetic reconstructions of salticid lineages under parsimony: majority consensus (0.5) using one (28S: 13 trees; Actin: two trees; 16S: six trees), two (ND1 + 16S: three trees; 28S + Actin: one tree), and three gene matrices (28S + Actin + 16S: six trees). Numbers on branches show group frequency. Names in bold letters and grey boxes represent salticid taxa.

Figure 47–52 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 47–52. Soesiladeepakius spp., left male palpal femora, ventral view. 47, Soesiladeepakius lyra sp. nov. 48, Soesiladeepakius retroversus sp. nov. 49, Soesiladeepakius arthrostylus sp. nov. 50, Soesiladeepakius biarmatus sp. nov. 51, Soesiladeepakius gasnieri sp. nov. 52, Soesiladeepakius uncinatus sp. nov.

Figure 56 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 56. Phylogenetic reconstructions of salticid lineages under maximum likelihood: best trees using single gene regions. Branch length is proportional to substitution rate per site. Names in bold letters represent salticid taxa.

Figure 41–46 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 41–46. Soesiladeepakius arthrostylus sp. nov. 41, left male palp, prolateral view. 42, ventral view. 43, retrolateral view. 44, ventroretrolateral view. 45, bulb, clarified, ventral view. 46, posterior view. co?, putative true conductor; ma?, putative median apophysis.

Figure 57 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 57. Best tree of phylogenetic reconstruction analyses of salticid lineages using maximum likelihood and the all-gene matrix. Branch length is proportional to substitution rate per site. Names in bold letters represent salticid taxa.

Figure 33–37 in DNA sequences corroborate Soesiladeepakius as a non-salticoid genus of jumping spiders: placement with lapsiines, phylogeny, and description of six new species (Araneae, Salticidae)

Figure 33–37. Soesiladeepakius biarmatus sp. nov. 33, left male palp, prolateral view. 34, ventral view. 35, retrolateral view. 36, female epigyne, ventral view. 37, dorsal view, clarified.