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Exon capture museomics deciphers the nine-banded armadillo species complex and identifies a new species endemic to the Guiana Shield

<h2><strong>Exon capture museomics deciphers the nine-banded armadillo species complex and identifies a new species endemic to the Guiana Shield</strong></h2> <p>Mathilde Barthe*, Lo&iuml;s Rancilhac, Maria C. Arteaga, Anderson Feij&oacute;, Marie-Ka Tilak, Fabienne Justy, W. J. Loughry, Colleen M. McDonough, Benoit de Thoisy, Fran&ccedil;ois Catzeflis, Guillaume Billet, Lionel Hautier, Benoit Nabholz, and Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Delsuc*</p> <p>*Corresponding authors: mathilde.barthe.pro@gmail.com; frederic.delsuc@umontpellier.fr</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h2><strong>Description of available files.&nbsp;</strong></h2> <p><strong>01_Figures_&amp;_tables_of_the_main_text.zip&nbsp;</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 1: Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by maximum likelihood and maps representing the distribution of individuals according to their lineage.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 2: Assignment of individuals to lineages according to phylogenetic analyses, admixture analysis and phylogenetic delimitation.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 3: Principal Component Analysis of genetic variance.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure 4: Distribution map and genetic composition of individuals of the four recognized species.</p> <p><strong>02_Supplementary_tables_&amp;_figures.zip&nbsp;</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S1: Distribution of targeted nuclear loci along a chromosome scale assembly.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S2: Mitochondrial genome depth of coverage.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S3: Calculation of mitochondrial lineage support for detecting contamination.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S4: Mitochondrial lineage support for each individual.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S5: a) Inbreeding coefficient and b) heterozygosity estimate for individuals according to cleaning steps.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S6: Percentage of missing data per captured locus.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S7: Summary information of the 837 cleaned nuclear loci (number of sequences, the proportion of variable sites and the percentage of missing data).&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S8: &nbsp;Phylogenetic relationships of the 62 Dasypus individuals obtained using Astral on the 832 ML gene trees from the captured nuclear loci reconstructed with IQ-Tree and ModelFinder.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S9: Results of analyses to detect introgression.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S10: Cross validation errors according to the number of clusters (K) investigated.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S11: Detailed analysis of the substructure within the newly recognized D. novemcinctus (Southern lineage).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S12: Species delimitation estimated by bPTP-h.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S13: Comparison of the three best models from the model selection estimated with PHRAPL.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S14: Species delimitation estimated using GMYC.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S15: Heatmaps of pairwise genetic indexes between lineages.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S16: Effect of filters on admixture results.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S17: Updated map from Arteaga et al. (2020).&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure S18: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of 212 pb of the 16s ribosomal RNA of five individuals analyzed in Abba et al., (2018) and three from this study.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S1: List of biological samples with detailed information.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S2a: Quality statistics by locus after filtering steps.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S2b: Quality statistics by individuals after filtering steps.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S3: Species delimitation estimated using PHRAPL for the four combinations.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S4: Comparison of the lineage of the nineteen individuals in common with Arteaga et al. (2020) and our study.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S5: Adult cranial measurements (in millimeters) of the four Dasypus species recognized in this study following Feij&oacute; &amp; Cordeiro-Estrela (2016).&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table S6: Adult external measurements (in millimeters) of the four Dasypus species recognized in this study.&nbsp;</p> <p><br><strong>03_Mitogenomes.zip</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Mitogenome_reference_Dasypus_novemcinctus.fasta: Mitogenome reference used to mapped reads and extract mitochondrial DNA.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenated_mitochondrial_genes.fasta: Concatenated nucleotide sequences of 15 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding + 2 rRNAs). Sites with more than 50% missing data were excluded resulting in a total of 13,924 sites. &nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenated_mitochondrial_genes_partition.txt: Partition file of concatenated sequences of the 15 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding + 2 rRNAs).&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenated_mitochondrial_genes_TESTNEW.treefile : Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the concatenated sequences of the 15 mitochondrial genes using IQ-TREE under a partitioned model applying ModelFinder on each partition.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Depth_coverage_mitogenomes.csv: Table of mean depth of coverage and proportion of missing data (Ns) of the 72 reconstructed mitochondrial genomes sequenced for this study.&nbsp;</p> <p><br><strong>04_Reanalyses.zip</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Dloop_alignment.fasta: Alignment of the D-loop sequences obtained in this study with those from Arteaga et al. (2020).&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Dloop_alignment.treefile: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the D-loop alignment using IQ-TREE (GTR+G model).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Abba_shotgun.fasta: Alignment of the 16S rRNA of individuals from this study and those from Abba et al. (2018).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Abba_shotgun.fasta.treefile: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the 16S rRNA alignment using IQ-TREE (GTR+G model).</p> <p><br><strong>05_Contamination_exploration.zip</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Mitochondrial_diagnostic_positions.csv: Table of the 350 diagnostic mitochondrial positions used to estimate proportion of reads supporting each lineage. Position number refers to the Complete_mitogenome_alignment.fasta file.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Read_support_to_diagnostic_positions.csv: For each individual, this table reports the Diagnostic Rate (proportion of diagnostic positions per lineage supported by at least 3 reads), the Read Proportion (mean read proportion supporting diagnostic positions per lineage), Index (proportion of synapomorphies per lineage normalized by average frequency of reads supporting these synapomorphies) and the type of tissue (museum or fresh tissue).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Contamination_exploration.R: R script used to plot read support to lineages and the effect of tissue type (fresh or museum).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>06_Nuclear_dataset.zip</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;TATU_1000exons4baits.fasta: Reference sequences of 1,000 exons and flanking regions used to define the probes for exon capture extracted from the Dasypus novemcinctus genome.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Dasypus_capture_Final_Baits_Set.fas: Sequences of the 16,146 probes used to capture the 997 nuclear loci (exons and flanking regions).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Diploid_837_nuclear_loci.fasta: Diploid sequences of the 837 nuclear loci for the 62 individuals in PopPhyl format (Locus|lineage|individual|Allele).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Mean_coverage_by_individuals.csv: Table of mean depth of coverage, horizontal coverage, and number of loci per individual after filtering.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Mean_coverage_by_loci.csv: Table of mean depth of coverage, horizontal coverage and number of loci per loci after filtering.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Location_loci_targeted.bed : list of the loci targeted by exon capture, with their genomic locations on the chromosome scale assembly of <em>Dasypus novemcinctus</em> (mDasNov1.hap2)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>07_Disentangling_genotyping_errors.zip</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Table_of_heterozygosity_and_inbreeging_coefficient.csv: Table of heterozygosity (He) and inbreeding coefficient (F) estimated for each cleaning steps: initial data, after correction of heterozygous positions (must be supported by a proportion of reads between 0.3 and 0.7), and after exclusion of 159 potentially paralogous loci.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_effect_of_cleaning_on_He&amp;F.R: R script used to plot the effect of cleaning steps on heterozygosity (He) and inbreeding coefficient (F).</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>08_Distribution_maps.zip&nbsp;</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Coordinates_according_mito_nuclear_lineages.csv: Table of GPS coordinates of individuals according to their mitochondrial and nuclear lineages.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_mito_nuclear_distribution.R: R script used to plot individuals on the Neotropical map according to their mitochondrial and nuclear lineages in Figure 1.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Mitochondrial_distribution.pdf: Geographical distribution of the 75 individuals according to their mitochondrial lineage.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Nuclear_distribution.pdf: Geographical distribution of the 58 individuals according to their nuclear lineage.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>09_Phylogenetic_inference.zip</strong><br>● &nbsp; &nbsp;Phylogram_Tree&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenated_nuclear_loci.fasta: Concatenated sequences of the 837 nuclear loci &nbsp;representing a total of 506,355 sites.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenated_nuclear_loci_partition.txt: Partition file for the 837 nuclear loci concatenation.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenated_nuclear_loci_TESTNEW.treefile: Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree inferred from the 837 nuclear loci concatenation using IQ-TREE under a partitioned model applying ModelFinder on each partition.</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;Ultrametric_Tree<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Ultrametric_tree_concatenated_nuclear_loci.treefile: Ultrametric tree inferred from the 837 nuclear loci concatenation (Concatenated_nuclear_loci.fasta in Phylogram_Tree folder) using a partitioned model applying ModelFinder on each partition (Concatenated_nuclear_loci_partition.txt in Phylogram_Tree folder). The ML phylogram (Concatenated_nuclear_loci_TESTNEW.treefile in Phylogram_Tree folder) was used as a guide tree. The root was dated at 6 Mya.</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;Gene_Tree&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concatenate_gene_tree.treefile: File containing all gene trees reconstructed using IQ-TREE applying ModelFinder to each gene.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Astral_consensus_tree.txt: Summary species tree reconstructed with Astral using Concatenate_gene_tree_TESTNEW.treefile</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;Introgression analyses:<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Concordance_factors_Dasypus.csv &nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Topology_Weighting_Dasypus_plots.R<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;SnaQ_results_hmax0.out &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;SnaQ_results_hmax1.out &nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;SnaQ_results_hmax2.out &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;SnaQ_results_hmax3.out &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;twisst_guianensis_spmap.txt &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;twisst_guianensis_Weights<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;twisst_mexico_spmap.txt<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;twisst_mexico_Weights</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>10_Species_delimitation.zip</strong><br>● &nbsp; &nbsp;BPP&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;input_for_bpp.phy: Sequence alignments of the 837 nuclear loci in phylip format.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;lineage_for_BPP: Correspondence file between individuals and lineages.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;r1 and r2: folders containing config files (bpp.ctl) and outputs of the BPP analysis.&nbsp;</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;bPTP&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;PTPh_Support_Partition.txt: Details of the most supported species partition.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;PTPh_tree_partition.png: Tree illustrating the most supported species partition.&nbsp;</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;GMYC&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Script_GMYC.R: R script used to run the GMYC delimitation method on the ultrametric tree (11_Phylogenetic_inference/Ultrametric_Tree/Ultrametric_tree_concatenated_nuclear_loci.treefile).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Figure_GMYC.png: Figure illustrating the results of the GMYC species delimitation analysis.</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;PHRAPL<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Script_PHRAPL.R: R script used to run the PHRAPL delimitation method on the 09_Phylogenetic_inference.zip/Gene_Tree /Concatenate_gene_tree.treefile</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>11_Population_genetic_analyses.zip</strong><br>● &nbsp; &nbsp;PCA<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Input_for_PCA.fasta: Diploid sequences of the 57 individuals (DNO-MC21 and DPI-L29 excluded) in PopPhyl format (Locus|species|individual|allele).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;PCA_Output: Output of the PopPhyl2PCA analysis using the Input_for_PCA.fasta file.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Script_to_plot_PCA.R: R script used to plot PCA according to the mitochondrial lineage and nuclear composition (Admixture results).</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;ADMIXTURE<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;lineage_for_Admixture.list: Correspondence between individuals and lineages file.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Input_Admixture.*: 19,872 SNPs from nuclear data across the Dasypus complex.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Output_Admixture.k.*: Output from the Admixture analysis according to K values (from 1 to 7).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Output_Admixture.cv.error: Summary of the error value according to K.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_Admixture.R: R script used to plot Admixture results reordered by phylogeny.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_map_distribution_admixture.R: R script used to plot Admixture results on the Neotropical map.</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;Stats_Da_Dxy_GDI<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Pairwise_genetic_statistics.csv: Summary statistics computed using ABCstat_global.txt from the DILSmcsnp program for all pairwise combinations of individuals from the different lineages.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Pairwise_GDI.csv: Genetic Differentiation Index estimates for all pairwise combinations of individuals from the different lineages.&nbsp;<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_genetic_statistics.R: R script used to plot mean genetic statistics between lineages.</p> <p>● &nbsp; &nbsp;Sublineage_structure&nbsp;<br>○ &nbsp; &nbsp;ADMIXTURE<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_map_distribution_sublineage_admixture.R: R script used to plot Admixture results on the Neotropical map.<br>○ &nbsp; &nbsp;PCA<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Input_for_PCA_southern_lineage.fasta: &nbsp;Diploid sequences of the 24 individuals of the Southern lineage in PopPhyl format (Locus|species|individual|allele).<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;PCA_Output_southern_lineage: Output of the PopPhyl2PCA analysis using the Input_for_PCA_southern_lineage.fasta file.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Script_to_plot_PCA_sublineage.R: R script to plot PCA according to the mitochondrial lineage and nuclear composition (Admixture results) focussing on individuals from the Southern lineage.</p> <p><br><strong>12_Morpho_molecular_distribution.zip</strong><br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Coordinates_according_morphogroup_lineages.csv: GPS coordinates of individuals used in Hautier et al. (2017) according to their morphogroup.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Plot_map_distribution_morpho_admixture.R: R script used to plot Admixture results and the individuals from Hautier et al. (2017) on the Neotropical map in Figure 5.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Skull_lateral_*.png: Illustration of the lateral view of the skull of four individuals representing each species.<br>- &nbsp; &nbsp;Skull_sinuses_*.png: Illustration of the skull and paranasal sinuses of four individuals representing each species.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

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Fig. 3 in On the distribution and conservation of two "Lost World" tepui summit endemic frogs, Stefania ginesi Rivero, 1968 and S. satelles Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1997

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships as recovered in the MrBayes analysis (concatenated dataset, 2359 bp), outgroup not shown. Values at each node represent Bayesian posterior probabilities; asterisks indicate values&gt; 95%. Stefania ginesi sensu stricto, and S. satelles sensu stricto are highlighted in red. Relation between eye color and tepui summit surface is indicated on the right side of the figure. Photos PJRK.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →
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Fig. 2 in On the distribution and conservation of two "Lost World" tepui summit endemic frogs, Stefania ginesi Rivero, 1968 and S. satelles Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1997

Fig. 2. Typical Pantepui landscape. Photograph taken on 8th June 2012 from the summit of Upuigma-tepui, showing Angasima-tepui on the left and Akopán-tepui and Amurí-tepui on the right. Note stretches of savannah mainly caused by anthropogenic fires. Photo PJRK.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →
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Fig. 1 in On the distribution and conservation of two "Lost World" tepui summit endemic frogs, Stefania ginesi Rivero, 1968 and S. satelles Señaris, Ayarzagüena, and Gorzula, 1997

Fig. 1. Left: Map of Pantepui and its location within South America (inset); the thick blue line indicates the Río Caroní. Right: Map of the area under study showing localities mentioned in the text (yellow dots represent known localities of occurrence of Stefania satelles, white dots represent known localities of occurrence of Stefania ginesi). Numbers indicate sampled localities and Roman numerals indicate unsampled localities, as follows: (1) Aprada-tepui, Venezuela; (2) Murisipán-tepui, Venezuela; (3) Upuigmatepui, Venezuela; (4) Angasima-tepui, Venezuela; (5) Abakapá-tepui, Venezuela; (6) Chimantá-tepui, Venezuela; (7) Amurí-tepui, Venezuela; (i) Kamarkawarai-tepui, Venezuela; (ii) Murei-tepui, Venezuela; (iii) Churí-tepui, Venezuela; (iv) Akopán-tepui, Venezuela.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2016View details →
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Plate 29 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 29. Dactyloa kunayalae (Huleback, Poe, Ibáñez, and Williams, 2007). This anole is a priority two species with an EVS of 15, restricted in distribution to "central Panama" (Köhler 2008: 100). This individual came from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, in the province of Coclé, Panama. Photo by Abel Batista.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →
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Plate 26 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 26. Oedipina koehleri Sunyer, Townsend, Wake, Travers, Gonzalez, Obando, and Quintana, 2011. This worm salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 16, restricted to "three highland areas in northern Nicaragua" (Frost 2018). This individual came from Reserva Natural Cerro Musún, in the department of Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Photo by Javier Sunyer.

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Plate 25 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 25. Bolitoglossa subpalmata (Boulenger, 1896). This salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 15, which occurs "on both slopes of the Cordillera de Guanacaste, Cordillera de Tilarán, Cordillera Central, and their outliers in central to northern Costa Rica" (Frost 2018). This individual was encountered in Volcán Barva, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, in the province of, Heredia, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

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Plate 22 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 22. Bolitoglossa conanti McCranie and Wilson, 1993. Conant's Mushroomtongue Salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 16, with a distribution "on the Atlantic and Pacific versants in western Honduras and eastern Guatemala" (Townsend and Wilson 2008). This individual came from Aldea San Joaquin, in the department of Copán, Honduras. Photo by Sean Michael Rovito.

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Plate 37. Bothriechis lateralis Peters, 1862 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 37. Bothriechis lateralis Peters, 1862. The Coffee Palmviper is a priority one species with an EVS of 16. distributed in "the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama (Savage, 2002: 724). This individual came from La Nevera, Serranía de Tabasará, Panama. Photo by Abel Batista.

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Plate 38. Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, 1859 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 38. Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, 1859. The Black-speckled Palm-pitviper is a priority one species with an EVS of 17, which ranges along "the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama" (Savage, 2002: 725). This individual was found at Jurutungo, in the province of Chiriquí, Panama. Photo by Javier Sunyer.

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Plate 32 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 32. Coleonyx mitratus (Peters, 1863). The Central American Banded Gecko is a priority six species with an EVS of 14, which ranges along the "Atlantic lowlands of northeastern Guatemala and northwestern Honduras [and the] Pacific lowlands from Guatemala to southwestern Costa Rica" (Savage 2002: 482). This individual was located in Sector Santa Rosa, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, in the province of, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

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Plate 19 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 19. Lithobates warszewitschii (Schmidt, 1857). Warszewitsch's Frog is a priority eleven species with an EVS of 10, found on "the Atlantic versant from northeastern Honduras to central Panama, both slopes of the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama, lowlands of southwestern Costa Rica, and eastern Panama and gallery forests in nonpeninsular northwestern Costa Rica" (Savage 2002: 405). This individual came from Nectandra Reserve, in the province of Alajuela, Costa Rica. Photo by Sean Michael Rovito.

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Plate 18 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 18. Lithobates taylori (Smith, 1959). The Peralta Frog is a priority eight species with an EVS of 12, distributed "at scattered localities on the humid Atlantic lowlands from eastern Nicaragua to southeastern Costa Rica and in the humid premontane and lower montane areas of upland Costa Rica, including the Meseta Oriental and Meseta Occidental and probably the Cordillera Central" (Savage 2002: 402). This individual was found in a pond at Llano Tugrí, in the Serranía de Tabasará. Photo by Abel Batista.

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Plate 28 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 28. Dactyloa insignis (Cope, 1871). The Decorated Anole is a priority four species with an EVS of 14, with a distribution restricted to "the Cordillera Tilarán and Cordillera Central of Costa Rica" (Poe and Ryan 2017: 6). This individual was encountered in Estación Pocosol, Bosque Eterno de los Niños, in the province of Alajuela, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

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Plate 16 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 16. Agalychnis annae (Duellman, 1963). The Orange-eyed Treefrog is a priority two species with an EVS of 15, with a distribution in the "Northern Cordillera de Talamanca, Cordillera de Tilarán and Cordillera Central of Costa Rica" (Frost 2018). This individual was found in Heredia, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

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Plate 24 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 24. Bolitoglossa diaphora McCranie and Wilson, 1995. The Cusuco Salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 18, which ranges on "the Atlantic versant in northwestern Honduras" (Townsend and Wilson 2008). This individual was found in Parque Nacional Cusuco, in the department of Cortés, Honduras. Photo by Sean Michael Rovito.

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Plate 13 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 13. Plectrohyla pokomchi Duellman and Campbell, 1984. The Rio Sanaja Spikethumb Frog is a priority eight species with an EVS of 13, which is distributed in "the Sierra de las Minas and the contiguous Sierra de Xucaneb in central and eastern Guatemala" (Frost 2018). This individual came from Purulhá, in the department of Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Photo by Andres Novales.

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Plate 11 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 11. Duellmanohyla rufioculis (Taylor, 1952). This treefrog is a priority one species with an EVS of 14, which ranges on both "the Caribbean and Pacific slopes of the mountains of Costa Rica" (Frost 2018). This individual came from Centro Soltis, San Isidro de Peñas Blancas, in the province of Alajuela, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

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Plate 27 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 27. Coloptychon rhombifer (Peters, 1876). The Isthmian Alligator Lizard is a priority one species with an EVS of 16, distributed from "southwestern Costa Rica and adjacent western Panama (Savage, 2002: 533). This individual was found in San Juan de Rincón, Península de Osa, in the province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Photo by César Barrio-Amorós.

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Plate 10 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 10. Diasporus ventrimaculatus Chaves, García-Rodríguez, Mora, and Leal, 2009. This frog is a priority one species "known only from theValle del Silencio on the Caribbean versant of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Limon Province, Costa Rica" (Frost 2018). This individual was observed in Valle del Silencio, Parque Internacional La Amistad, in the province of Limón, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2019View details →

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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.

ibl
behavioral-neuroscienceopenPublic sessions can be searched and loaded from the IBL public data server through ONE.
Last verified 2026-04-29Open record

OpenNeuro

OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.

openneuro
neuroscienceopenPublished datasets are available on demand over the internet.
Last verified 2026-04-29Open record

ScienceDex for faculty

Your academic CV and NIH biosketch

Make your CV in your school's format and your NIH biosketch from it, then download both as Word files.