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FIG. 6 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 6. Dorsal views of skulls of A, Huayqueriana cristata MLP 37-III-7-2; B, Promacrauchenia antiquua MACN-PV 7986; and C, Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum MACN-PV 5528 (holotype). For stratigraphic provenances, see figure 5. Abbreviations: Fr, frontal; na, nasal aperture; ncr, nuchal crest; nf, nutrient foramina; ofs, openings of frontal sinus; Pa, parietal; sf, supraorbital foramen; tl, temporal line.

FIG. 2 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 2. Holotype of Huayqueriana cristata MACN-PV 8463 referred to Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene, Huayquerian SALMA). A, right lateral and B, ventral views of snout; C, portion of braincase in left lateral view. Abbreviations: ch, choana; gpf, greater (= major) palatine foramen; gr, occipital groove; iof, infraorbital foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; M, molar; ncr, nuchal crest; rf, foramina for rami temporales; scr, sagittal crest; tl, temporal line.

FIG. 1 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 1. Geographical and stratigraphic context: A, location of Río Seco de la Última Aguada, north-central Mendoza, Argentina; B, integrated stratigraphic column, Río Seco de la Última Aguada, Huayquerías del Este. Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 was recovered from lower levels of Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene; Huayquerian) exposed along river gorge.

FIG. 5 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 5. Lateral views of skulls of A, Huayqueriana cristata MLP 37-III-7-2, Huayquerías Formation, Mendoza; B, Promacrauchenia antiquua MACN-PV 7986, Monte Hermoso Formation, Buenos Aires; and C, Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum MACN-PV 5528 (holotype), "estratos Araucanos," Catamarca. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); fdv, foramen for frontal diploic vein; hf, hypoglossal foramen; I, incisor; iof, infraorbital foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; M, molar; ncr, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; P, premolar; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Pt, pterygoid; rf, foramina for rami temporales.

FIG. 3 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 3. Skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 from Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene, Huayquerian SALMA) in A, right lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); ch, choana; fdv, foramen for frontal diploic vein; fini, foramen interincisivum; fm, foramen magnum; frp, frontal process of squamosal; gf, glenoid fossa; gpf, greater (= major) palatine foramen; I, incisor (alveolus); iof, infraorbital foramen; itc, infratemporal crest; M, molar; mpp, medial palatine process of premaxilla; na, nasal aperture; ncr, nuchal crest; nf, nutrient foramina; oc, occipital condyle; ofs, openings of frontal sinus; P, premolar; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; plf, palatine fissure; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Pt, pterygoid; rf, foramina for rami temporales; rms, retromolar space; sf, supraorbital foramen; tl, temporal line; V, vomer.

FIG. 15 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 15. Posterior portion of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in ventral view. Abbreviations: eam, external acoustic meatus; Ec, ectotympanic; fo, foramen ovale; gf, glenoid fossa; hf, hypoglossal foramen; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); m, mastoid process of petrosal; oc, occipital condyle; on, odontoid notch; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pf, piriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; Pt, pterygoid; smf, stylomastoid foramen. Letter x identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text). Faintly visible on the specimen's left side is the large sulcus running between the piriform fenestra and canal X.

FIG. 11 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 11. Virtual parasagittal section through skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: crh, position of cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cavity); Ec, ectotympanic; fs, frontal sinus; M, molar; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; P, premolar; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; Pe, petrosal; Pmx, premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; ptc, posttemporal canal; sofs, supraoccipital extension of frontal sinus; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinate fragments in caudal portion of nasal cavity; tncav, true nasal cavity.

FIG. 4 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 4. Skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 in A, right lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views, with measurements (see table 2).

FIG. 14 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 14. Detail of orbit of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: etf, ethmoidal foramen; lacf, lacrimal foramen; ocr, orbital crest; opf, optic foramen; otc, orbitotemporal canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; spalf, sphenopalatine foramen. Arrow points rostrally.

FIG. 10 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 10. Virtual parasagittal section through choana of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Light gray areas within skull represent unremoved matrix. Caudally-situated vacuity between nasal aperture and nasopharynx is here denoted as "true" nasal cavity (tncav), as it would have acted as the most direct air passageway in life. Primitive nasal cavity (mnv, meatus nasi ventralis) persists as a diverticulum, lacking an external aperture at front of rostrum. Note substantial thickness of rostralmost portions of premaxilla/maxilla at front of long, comparatively gracile rostrum. Other abbreviations: chl, cochlea; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; cerebral cavity; Ec, ectotympanic; fs, frontal sinus; mnv, meatus nasi ventralis; Mx, maxilla; ns?, possible distorted portion of nasal septum; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; plf, palatine fissure; Pmx, premaxilla; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinate fragments in caudal portion of nasal cavity; tncav, true nasal cavity.

FIG. 13. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 13. A–E, Virtual coronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: a, aditus to frontal sinus; crh, position of cerebral hemispheres; fdv, foramen for frontal diploëic vein; fo, foramen ovale; fs, frontal sinus; J, jugal; na, nasal aperture; ob, position of olfactory bulb; otc, orbitotemporal canal; pl, position of piriform lobe; pop, postorbital process of frontal; Psph, presphenoid; Pt, pterygoid; sf, supraorbital foramen with perforating canal; sof, sphenoorbital fissure; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); sphs, sphenoidal sinus; t, turbinals. Letter x, identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 17. A–E in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 17. A–E, Virtual subhorizontal and subcoronal sections of skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANI- GLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: J, jugal; pafs, parietal extension of frontal sinus; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pl, position of piriform lobe; ptc, posttemporal canal; rf, foramina for rami temporales; sfs, septum sinuum frontalium; sofs, supraoccipital extension of frontal sinus; sphs, sphenoidal sinus; Sq, squamosal (zygomatic process); tvs, transverse sinus canal; ve, position of vermis. Letter x identifies canal X for nerve of pterygoid canal and vascular structures (see text).

FIG. 5 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 5. — Varanus sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 54), in anterior (a), dorsal (d), left lateral (l), posterior (p), and ventral (v) views. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4. — A, B in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 4. — A, B, Pseudopus laurillardi (Lartet, 1851); A, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 39); B, posterior part of a braincase (Béon 2004 LT 38); C, Ophisaurus sp., left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 49). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), medial (m), and right lateral (r) views. Abbreviations: dr, dorsal ridge; pms, posteromedial surface of paroccipital process; vb, ventral border of trigeminal notch. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm.

FIG. 2 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 2. — Latonia cf. L. ragei Hossini, 1993; A, left premaxilla (Béon 2004 LT 11); B, right maxilla (Béon 2004 LT 12); C, right oticoccipital (Béon 2004 LT 14); D, sacral vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 16); E, left humerus of a male (Béon 2004 LT 18); F, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 20). Anterior (a), dorsal (d), medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 1. — Caudata; A, cf. Chelotriton sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 1); B, Triturus aff. T. helveticus (Razoumowsky, 1789), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 2); C, Triturus cf. T. marmoratus (Latreille, 1800), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 5). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 1. — A in Mammal bearing late Miocene tuffs of the Akkaşdağı region; distribution, age, petrographical and geochemical characteristics

FIG. 1. — A, location map and major structural features of Turkey with location of Oligocene to Quarternary volcanism; B, map of the area SW of Çankırı-Çorum Basin (modified from Bilgin et al. 1986). Abbreviations: CAVP, Central Anatolian Volcanic Province; WAVP, West Anatolian Volcanic Province; EAVP, East Anatolian Volcanic Province; GVC, Galatia Volcanic Complex; NAFZ, North Anatolian Fault Zone; EAFZ, East Anatolian Fault Zone; BSZ, Bitlis Suture Zone; EFZ, Ecemis Fault Zone; KEF, Kırıkkale Erbaa Fault.

FIG. 3 in Mammal bearing late Miocene tuffs of the Akkaşdağı region; distribution, age, petrographical and geochemical characteristics

FIG. 3. — Representative photomicrographs of the studied tuffs; A, B, vitric tuff of upper level (cross-plane polarized light); C, D, vitric tuff of lower level (cross-plane polarized light); E, F, vitric tuffs consisting of an abundant glassy material, feldspar (Fl) and hornblend (Hb) (cross-plane polarized light); G, pumice clast (Pm) and oxyhornblend (Hn) (plane polarized light); H, rhyolitic lavas found at two levels in tuffs are completely calcified (cross polarized light). Abbreviations: Bi, biotite; Lt, lithic clast. Scales bars: A-D, G, H, 0.7 mm; E, F, 0.4 mm.

FIG. 3. — A-C in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)

FIG. 3. — A-C, Rana sp. synkl. R. esculenta Linnaeus, 1758; A, left humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 24); B, right humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 25); C, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 27); D, gekkonid lizard, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 28); E, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 1, left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 30); F, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 2, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 32). Medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 5. — Integrated 39 in Mammal bearing late Miocene tuffs of the Akkaşdağı region; distribution, age, petrographical and geochemical characteristics

FIG. 5. — Integrated 39Ar/40Ar ages for two samples from the Akkaşdağı tuffs; A, sample AKK-1 from the main tuff horizon, three meters below the bone pocket AK-5; B, sample AKK-2 from the reworked tuffs filling the bone pocket AK-5.