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FIGURE 10 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 10. Prof. Dr Selmar Schonland (1860–1940) for whom Aloe ×selmarii is named. Photographer unknown. © Selmar Schonland Herbarium, Albany Museum, Grahamstown.

FIGURE 9 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 9. Flowers of Aloe ×selmarii are a lighter shade of orange than those of the orange-flowered-form of A. parvibracteata. The perigone segments are noticeably white-margined, a character more often found in A. davyana. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 8 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 8. Racemes of Aloe ×selmarii are more conical than those of A. davyana, so more closely resembling those of A. parvibracteata. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 6 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 6. Flowers of Aloe davyana are somewhat variable in colour, with flesh pink being most common. Note the whitish margins of the perigone segments. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 5 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 5. The leaves of Aloe davyana are borne erectly and tightly packed in low-growing rosettes. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 4 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 4. Aloe davyana, here growing near Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, is the other parent of A. ×selmarii. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 3 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 3. The form of Aloe parvibracteata with uniformly orange flowers, as here, is one of the parents of A. ×selmarii. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 7 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 7. The leaves of Aloe ×selmarii are purple-infused, but also, like those of A. davyana, borne erectly, not near-horizontal as in A. parvibracteata. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 1 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 1. Flower colour is variable in Aloe parvibracteata. This red-flowered form grows near the Pongolapoortdam in the northeastern KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 2 in Aloe ×selmarii (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a new nothospecies from South Africa, with A. davyana var. davyana and A. parvibracteata as parents

FIGURE 2. With its often near-horizontal leaf disposition, the rosettes of Aloe parvibracteata usually have a flat appearance. This purpleleaved form of the species grows sympatrically with the spotted-leaved form illustrated in Figure 1. Photograph: Gideon F. Smith.

FIGURE 11 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 11. Female and Male SVL (Mean±Sd, in mm) and clutch size (Mean±Sd) in three allopatric (N. humayuni, N. petraeus and N. jog) and three sympatric (N. jog, N. kempholeyensis and Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.) species of Nyctibatrachus.

FIGURE 8 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 8. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in axillary amplexus. Adult male (Holotype ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) on top of adult female in swampy evergreen forest of Kathalekan, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Female not collected.

FIGURE 10 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 10. Co-occurring congeneric (COCG) species of Nyctibatrachus in Kathalekan. a. Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis, b. N. jog and c. Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov.

FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree for all 28 nominal species of Nyctibatrachus and an outgroup (Indirana sp.) based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA. Number at the branches indicate bootstrap values. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk. Area marked with grey belong to N. sanctipalustris clade.

FIGURE 6. a in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 6. a. Male approaching the eggs; b. Male standing upright locating the egg clutch; c. Male covering the egg clutch with sand gravels and mud from the stream bed; d. Male leaving the place after covering the egg mass with sand and mud.

FIGURE 5. a in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 5. a. Male and female in courtship (male and female are marked with symbols); b. Axillary amplexus in the pair; c. Amplected pair standing upright on their hindlimb before oviposition; d. Female doing a handstand at the time of releasing eggs.

FIGURE 4b. Type II in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 4b. Type II advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.

FIGURE 1 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 1. Study localities (blue circles) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. in the Western Ghats of India.

FIGURE 4a. Type I in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 4a. Type I advertisement call spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus kempholeyensis. a. Amplitude and b. Spectrogram.

FIGURE 9 in Mud-packing frog: A novel breeding behaviour and parental care in a stream dwelling new species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)

FIGURE 9. Holotype (ZSI/WGFRS/V/A/860) of Nyctibatrachus kumbara sp. nov. A—Dorsal view; B—Ventral View; C—Lateral profile of head; D—Ventral view of Forelimb; E—Ventral view of Hindlimb; F—Dorsal view of third finger; G—Dorsal view of fourth toe and H—Schematic view of webbing in hindlimb.