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644 results for “Shrubs”
Subspecies differentiation in an enigmatic chaparral shrub species
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Effects of frequent fire and mowing on resprouting shrubs of Florida, USA, scrub
Background: Resprouting is an effective strategy for persistence of perennial plants after disturbances such as fire. However, can disturbances be so frequent that they limit resprouting? We examined the effects of fire and mowing frequency on eight species of resprouting shrubs (three oaks (Quercus chapmanii, Q. inopina, Q. geminata), three ericaceous species (Lyonia fruticosa, L. lucida, Vaccinium myrsinites), and two palmettos (Sabal etonia, Serenoa repens)) in Florida scrub using a factorial field experiment. We burned or mowed plots at four disturbance return intervals (DRI) – either annually, biennially, every three years, or once in six years (with all plots being treated in the sixth year to control for time-since-disturbance). We analyzed plant growth responses (height, aboveground biomass, number of stems) based on sampling pre-treatment, and six months, one, two, and four years post-treatment. We also measured non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and soil properties to evaluate these factors as potential drivers of resprouting responses. Results: Fire temperatures were hot (mean maxima 414-698 C among burn days), typical of larger fires in Florida scrub. Plant biomass and heights were affected by DRI (being suppressed by frequent disturbance, especially initially) and varied among species with palmettos recovering biomass faster and species within the same genus generally showing similar responses. Biomass recovery in mown vs. burned treatments showed comparable effects of DRI and similar trajectories over time. Numbers of stems were affected by DRI, disturbance type, and species. Stems increased after disturbances, especially with less frequent disturbances and mowing, and subsequently declined over time. NSC concentrations varied among species and over time and was positively related to biomass. One-year post-disturbance, soil moisture and organic matter content were higher in mown plots, while pH was higher in burned plots. Given the slightly lower eleva
Ground and Air Temperatures on Hog Island, VA in grassland, shrub thicket, and transition, 2014-2018
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Data and model scripts for "Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with antecedent stem water potential and air temperature in a dominant desert shrub"
<p>Model code and data as used in the first revision submitted to Plant, Cell and Environment, Feb. 2020. </p> <p>Models are coded in JAGS or OpenBUGS and run in R. Three related models are presented:</p> <p>1) "mod_allometry.R" and "jags_allometry.R" run the aboveground biomass allometry model described in Methods S1, utilizing stem and leaf mass data ("data_allometry.Rdata") and the associated initial values ("inits_allometry.Rdata")</p> <p>2) "mod_predawn.R" and "bugs_predawn.R" run the gap-filling model described in Methods S2, utilizing predawn water potential data ("data_predawn.Rdata") and the associated initial values ("inits_predawn.Rdata")</p> <p>3) "mod_NSC.R" and "bugs_NSC.R" run the NSC model described in the main text of the manuscript, utilizing NSC and covariate data ("data_NSC.Rdata") and the associated initial values ("inits_NSC.Rdata")</p>
Fig. 3 in Capparis macrantha sp. nov. (Capparaceae, Brassicales), a new shrub species from a deciduous forest of the Nam Kading National Protected Area (central Lao PDR)
Fig. 3. Known distribution of Capparis macrantha Souvannakhoummane, Fici & Lanorsavanh sp. nov. (red circle).
Fig. 2 in Capparis macrantha sp. nov. (Capparaceae, Brassicales), a new shrub species from a deciduous forest of the Nam Kading National Protected Area (central Lao PDR)
Fig. 2. Capparis macrantha Souvannakhoummane, Fici & Lanorsavanh sp. nov. A. Habit and detail of a branch bearing thorns. B. Flowering branch. C. Young twigs. D. Young leaves. E. Flower (top view). F. Flower (lateral view). G. Petal (outside view). Photos by S. Lanorsavanh.
Fig. 1 in Capparis macrantha sp. nov. (Capparaceae, Brassicales), a new shrub species from a deciduous forest of the Nam Kading National Protected Area (central Lao PDR)
Fig. 1. Capparis macrantha Souvannakhoummane, Fici & Lanorsavanh sp. nov. A. Flowering branch. B. Flower (lateral view). C. Flower (front view). D. Stipular thorn and petiole. E. Sepals. F. Petals. G. Gynophore and ovary. H. Stamens. Drawn from holotype (Lanorsavanh et al. SL1641) by K. Souvannakhoummane.
Data from: Environmental drivers of femaleness of an inter-Andean monoecious shrub
<p>Hetero-and conspecific interactions, nutrient availability, climate, habitat heterogeneity and disturbances can generate variation and spatial patterns of femaleness in plants. We assessed whether year, site, plant size, plant density and canopy area of conspecific neighbors influenced the expression and spatial aggregation of femaleness in <em>Croton</em> aff. <em>wagneri</em>, a monoecious shrub from dry shrublands of the inter-Andean valleys in Ecuador. We georeferenced in two sites (1,700 and 1,400 m.a.s.l) in five 10x10 m plots, within each site, the position of each Croton reproductive plant during first part of flowering season in two years, and measured their height, length and width. The femaleness index of each plant was determined by the number of female and male buds and flowers. Plant density was determined for each plot, along with the number of neighbors and the summed canopy area of conspecific neighbors (at 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 m radius, and the five closest plants) from each focal plant. Croton's femaleness at the lower elevation site was greater than at the higher elevation site and increased with plant size and with canopy of the closest five neighbors. Soil at the lower elevation site had higher temperatures and lower water content. Aggregate patterns of femaleness were found in more plots at the lower elevation site. Our results indicate that location, plant size and canopies of conspecific neighbors of Croton can affect femaleness and its aggregation and support the hypothesis that femaleness can be influenced by facilitative interactions.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic structure and formation mechanism of shrub communities in arid and semi-arid areas of the Mongolian Plateau
<p>The mechanisms of species coexistence within a community have always been the focus in ecological research. Community phylogenetic structure reflects the relationship of historical processes, regional environments and interactions between species, and studying it is imperative to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of community composition and biodiversity.</p> <p>We studied the phylogenetic structure of the shrub communities in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau. First, the phylogenetic signals of four plant traits (height, canopy, leaf length and leaf width) of shrubs and subshrubs were measured to determine the phylogenetic conservation of these traits. Then the net relatedness index (NRI) of shrub communities was calculated to characterize their phylogenetic structure. Finally, the relationship between the NRI and current climate and paleoclimate (since the Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) factors was analyzed to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of these plant communities. We found that desert shrub communities showed a trend towards phylogenetic overdispersion, that is, limiting similarity was predominant in arid and semi-arid areas of the Mongolian Plateau despite the phylogenetic structure and formation mechanisms differing across habitats. The typical desert and sandy shrub communities showed a significant phylogenetic overdispersion, while the steppified desert shrub communities showed a weak phylogenetic clustering. It was found that mean winter temperature (i.e. in the driest quarter) was the major factor limiting steppified desert shrub phylogeny distribution. Both cold and drought (despite having opposite consequences) differentiated the typical desert to steppified desert shrub communities. The increase in temperature since the LGM is conducive to the invasion of shrub plants into steppe grassland, and this process may be intensified by global warming.</p>
Belowground interactions differ between sympatric desert shrubs under water stress
Understanding the relationships among species is central to ecological research, however, many knowledge gaps remain regarding how desert plant species interact. In the present study, we assessed the effect of rainfall on the belowground interactions and root morphology of two desert shrubs, Reaumuria soongorica (Tamaricaceae) and Salsola passerina (Chenopodiaceae), from three communities with similar landforms and soil environments. The roots of both R. soongorica and S. passerina were deeper when grown together than grown singly. Interestingly, the belowground biomass of R. soongorica was higher but the belowground biomass of S. passerina was lower when grown together than when grown alone. This suggests that S. passerina benefitted from the association with R. soongorica. When grown together under conditions of low rainfall, the roots of R. soongorica were deeper than those of S. passerina, which suggests that R. soongorica is more robust than S. passerina when subjected to periods of decreased rainfall. We concluded that the symbiotic relationship between these two shrub species can lead to deeper roots and that the plants are affected by rainfall availability. Combined with the output results of climate change models, we speculated that the distribution area of these two species will expand to the west, which has important implications on how the interactions of other desert species may change in response to climate variability.
Data from: Encroachment of shrubs into subalpine grasslands in the Pyrenees modifies the structure of soil fungal communities and soil properties.
The encroachment of shrubs into grasslands is common in terrestrial ecosystems dominated by grass. Land abandonment and favourable climatic trends in recent decades have favoured the expansion of shrubs into subalpine grasslands in many mountainous regions across Europe. The advance of the succession from grassland to shrubland is expected to have a major impact on ecosystem functioning. We used DNA metabarcoding to assess whether the structure of soil fungal communities varied along the succession from subalpine grassland to shrubland in the Pyrenees, and investigated whether shrub encroachment was associated with changes in soil properties. The expansion of shrubs increased the soil C:N ratio and/or reduced the N, P, or K contents. Plant-driven changes in soil properties were strongly associated with the compositional turnover of fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhizal, ectomycorrhizal, ericoid, root endophytic, saprotrophic, lichenised, and pathogenic fungi. Total richness and the richness of most functional groups were correlated with soil P, N, and the C:N or N:P ratios. We show that the interplay between abiotic factors (changes in soil properties) and biotic factors (occurrence and identity of shrubs) played a key role in the structure and uniqueness of soil fungal communities along the succession.
Shrub encroachment decreases soil inorganic carbon stocks in Mongolian grasslands
1. Widespread shrub encroachment in global drylands may increase plant biomass and change soil organic carbon stocks of grassland ecosystems. However, the response of soil inorganic carbon (SIC), which is a major component of dryland carbon pools, to this vegetation shift remains unknown. 2. We conducted a systematic field survey in 75 pairs of shrub-encroached grassland and control plots at 25 sites in the grasslands of the Inner Mongolia Plateau to evaluate how shrub encroachment affects SIC density (SICD) in these ecosystems. 3. We found that shrub encroachment significantly reduced SICD in the upper 100 cm (3.85 vs. 4.74 kg C m-2, P < 0.05), especially in the subsurface soil (20-50 cm layer). The magnitude of SICD changes was related to the change in soil pH, shrub patch size, and initial SICD, reflecting that the reduction in SICD might be attributed to the shrub encroachment-related soil acidification. Our results also revealed that the lost SIC was mainly released into the atmosphere rather than redistributed into deeper soil layers. 4. Synthesis. We provide the first evidence for the soil acidification-induced SIC loss caused by shrub encroachment. Our findings highlight the non-negligible role of SIC dynamics in the C budget of shrub-encroached grassland ecosystems and the need to consider these dynamics in terrestrial C cycle research.
Data from: Revisiting Darwin's naturalization conundrum: explaining invasion success of non-native trees and shrubs in southern Africa
1. Invasive species are detrimental ecologically and economically. Their negative impacts in Africa are extensive and call for a renewed commitment to better understand the correlates of invasion success. 2. Here, we explored several putative drivers of species invasion among woody non-native trees and shrubs in southern Africa, a region of high floristic diversity. We tested for differences in functional traits between plant categories using a combination of phylogenetic independent contrasts and a simulation-based phylogenetic anova. 3. We found that non-native species generally have longer flowering duration compared with native species and are generally hermaphroditic, and their dispersal is mostly abiotically mediated. We also revealed that non-native trees and shrubs that have become invasive are less closely related to native trees and shrubs than their non-invasive non-native counterparts. Non-natives that are more closely related to the native species pool may be more likely to possess traits suited to the new environment in which they find themselves and thus have greater chance of establishment. However, successful invaders are less closely related to the native pool, indicating evidence for competitive release or support for the vacant niche theory. 4. Synthesis. Non-native trees and shrubs in southern Africa are characterized by a suite of traits, including long flowering times, a hermaphroditic sexual system and abiotic dispersal, which may represent important adaptations promoting establishment. We suggest that differences in the evolutionary distances separating the native species pool from invasive and non-invasive species might help resolve Darwin's naturalization conundrum.
Data from: Invasive shrubs modify rodent activity timing, revealing a behavioral rule governing diel activity
Animals adjust the timing of their activity to maximize benefits, such as access to resources, and minimize costs, such as exposure to predators. Despite many examples of invasive plants changing animal behavior, the potential for invasive plants to alter the timing of animal activity remains unexplored. In eastern North America, invasive shrubs might have particularly strong effects on animal activity timing during spring and fall, when many invasive shrubs retain their leaves long after native species' leaves senesce. We experimentally removed an invasive shrub (buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica) and monitored the activity timing of a ubiquitous small-mammal species (white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) in spring, summer, and fall. We captured nearly three times as many P. leucopus in plots invaded by R. cathartica compared to plots with R. cathartica removed, and P. leucopus were captured two hours earlier in invaded plots. Regardless of invasion treatment, P. leucopus appear to follow a common rule to set activity timing: P. leucopus were only active below a threshold of ground-level moonlight illuminance (0.038 lux). Diel and monthly lunar cycles play an important role in regulating small-mammal activity, but our data suggest that decreased light penetration dampens the influence of moonlight illuminance in habitats invaded by R. cathartica, allowing P. leucopus to remain active throughout the night. By changing the temporal niche of ubiquitous native animals, invasive shrubs may have unappreciated effects on many ecological interactions, including processes that alter community diversity and affect human health.
Data from: Multi-locus analyses indicate that Melastoma dendrisetosum, an endemic and endangered shrub in Hainan, is a distinct species
Melastoma dendrisetosum is an extremely narrowly distributed taxon endemic to the Diaoluo Mountain region in Hainan, China, and was recently taxonomically incorporated under a widespread species, M. sanguineum. Based on its distinct morphological traits, especially the indumentum on the hypanthium, we propose that it should represent a distinct species. In this study, we sequenced six partial nuclear genes and two chloroplast intergenic spacers of M. dendrisetosum and three other morphologically similar species, M. sanguineum, M. penicillatum, and M. normale, to clarify its taxonomic status. M. dendrisetosum exhibited an extremely low level of genetic diversity, and was well-separated from the three other species with no shared haplotypes at all six nuclear genes, supporting the hypothesis that it is a distinct species. This finding was also supported by the Bayesian clustering-based STRUCTURE analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and Bayesian species delimitation analysis. We further propose that M. dendrisetosum be categorized as 'Critically Endangered' under the IUCN criteria, due to its extremely small population and declining habitat quality. We suggest that the conservation of M. dendrisetosum be prioritized, and road construction in its range should be avoided, to protect this distinct and critically endangered species.
FIGURE 8 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 8. Philautus tanu (WHT 6342), in life, Beraliya Forest Reserve, Pituwela.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 4. Philautus singu (WHT 6340), in life, Kottawa Forest Reserve, Galle.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka
FIGURE 4. Pseudophilautus schneideri (WHT 6127), in life, Sinharaja World Heritage Site.
FIGURE 8 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka
FIGURE 8. Pseudophilautus hankeni (WHT 6295), in life, Bambarella.
Figures 1-4 from: Vargas HA (2024) On Ypsolopha micromoths (Lepidoptera, Ypsolophidae) associated with Adesmia shrubs (Fabaceae) in the arid western slope of the central Andes. ZooKeys 1195: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.116134
Figures 1-4 Shrubs of the South American genus Adesmia DC. (Fabaceae) co-occurring in the Andes of northern Chile 1 typical landscape near Socoroma Village at about 3400 m elevation 2Adesmia verrucosa Meyen 3Adesmia atacamensis Phil. 4Adesmia spinosissima Meyen.
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