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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Effects of soil phosphorus, light, AMF and jasmonic acid on growth and defense of Plantago lanceolata
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Date from: Top-down effects from parasitoids may mediate plant defense and plant fitness
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Data from: Conspecific semiochemical tracks on host plants modulate reproduction and defense in <em>Parthenium</em> beetles
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Growth-defense tradeoffs shape the genetic composition of aspen forests
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Data from: Dynamics in brain activation and behaviour in acute and repeated social defensive behaviour
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Effects of Salicaceae species litter type and moisture at 10 paired wetland by upland plots:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system: the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
Initial Salicaceae species litter chemistry:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system: the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
2012 growing season water table depth in common gardens:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system, the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
Percent carbon and nitrogen in leaf tissue:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system, the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
FIG. 5 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 5. — Tegminal protest signals of Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950: A, B, male; C, D, female. All from wild specimens in studio conditions at 24° C.
FIG. 4 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 4. — Male of Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950, call and stridulatory apparatus. A-D, call of a wild male in studio conditions at 24°C after a specimen collected in Mitaraka; E, male forewings in dorsal view; F, file in ventral view. Scale bars: 10 mm.
FIG. 3 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 3. — Female of Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950, after a specimen collected in Mitaraka: A, forewings in dorsal view; B, detail of forewings showing tu- bercules in dorsal view; C, defensive position. Scale bars: A, 10 mm; B, 5 m.
FIG. 6 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 6. — Mandibular protest signals of Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950: A-C, mandibular protest signals produced by a F2 adult female; D, pictures corre- sponding to the time points given in C illustrating the motion of mandibles, clypeus and labrum; E, right mandible (note the area with tubercles in E'; F, clypeus and labrum, inner view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 8 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 8. — Shelters of Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813) in the field: A, the face of a male in visible within a hollow shaft of Astrocaryum Meyer, 1818 leaf, antennae protruding from the entrance; A', when an aperture is made on the shaft, a female is visible behind the male (at the time of the picture, the male was already col- lected); B, entrance of a shelter (male removed); C, disturbed male escaping from the shelter; D, picture of the male singing in A-C during the call.
FIG. 7 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 7. – Call of Gnathoclita vorax Beier, 1950: A-C, Field recording of a male calling from a cavity (26°C); D, male stridulatory apparatus in dorsal view; E, male file in ventral view. Scale bar: D, 5 mm; E, 2.5 mm.
FIG. 2 in Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950 and Gnathoclita vorax (Stoll, 1813): two katydids with unusual acoustic, reproductive and defense behaviors (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
FIG. 2. — Male of Panoploscelis scudderi Beier, 1950, after a specimen collected in Mitaraka: A, face in front view; B, Head and pronotum in dorsal view; C, right fore femur in front view. Note that the distal most ventral anterior spine is on the axis of the picture; D, hind femur in side view; E, apex of the abdomen in dorsal view; F, cercus in dorsal view; G, subgenital plate in ventral view. Scale bars: A-E, G, 10 mm; F, 1 mm.
Transcriptome and Metabolome Reprogramming in Tomato Plants by Trichoderma Harzianum strain T22 Primes and Enhances Defense Responses Against Aphids
<p><strong>Figure 1</strong></p> <p>Effect of <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 on aphid survival over time. Survival curves (percentage) of <em>M. euphorbiae</em> reared on the untreated water control and the <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 treated tomato plants are significantly different, <em>p</em> < 0.05 (LogRank test).</p> <p>For the aphid longevity assay, 10 plants for each CTRL or T22 treatment were infested with 5 newly born first instar nymphs of <em>M. euphorbiae</em>. The presence of aphids and of shed exuviae, as an indicator of molting occurrence, was daily monitored. Survival curves were compared by LogRank analysis.</p>
Host plant defense produces species-specific alterations to flight muscle protein structure and flight-related fitness traits of two armyworms
<p>Insects manifest phenotypic plasticity in their development and behavior in response to plant defenses, via molecular mechanisms that produce tissue-specific changes. Phenotypic changes might vary between species that differ in their preferred hosts and these effects could extend beyond larval stages. To test this, we manipulated the diet of southern armyworm (SAW; Spodoptera eridania) and fall armyworm (FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda) using a tomatomutant for jasmonic acid plant defense pathway (def1), and wild-type plants, and then quantified gene expression of Troponin t (Tnt) and flight muscle metabolism of the<br> adult insects. Differences in Tnt spliceform ratios in insect flight muscles correlate with changes to flight muscle metabolism and flight<br> muscle output. We found that SAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a higher relative abundance (RA) of the A isoform of Troponin t (Tnt A) in their flight muscles; in contrast, FAW adults reared on induced def1 plants had a lower RA of Tnt A in their flight muscles compared with adults reared on def1 and controls. Although massadjusted flightmetabolic rate showed no independent host plant effects in either species, higher flight metabolic rates in SAW correlated with increased RA of Tnt A. Flight muscle metabolism also showed an interaction of host plants with Tnt A in both species, suggesting that host plants might be influencing flight muscle metabolic output by altering Tnt. This study illustrates how insects respond to variation in host plant chemical defense by phenotypic modifications to their flight muscle proteins, with possible implications for dispersal.</p>
Macroevolution of defense syndromes in Ficus (Moraceae)
<p>Recursive adaptations and counter-adaptations of plant-feeding insects are thought to have driven chemical and physical diversity in plant defenses. Among existing theories on defensive diversity, the syndromes hypothesis predicts that plants may evolve suites of covarying defense traits along evolutionary arms races with herbivores. We use the large, phenotypically diverse angiosperm genus Ficus (Moraceae) to test the major predictions of this hypothesis: i) plant species will form distinctive combinations of defensive traits; ii) these traits will be correlated within each syndrome. Trait combinations need not map well onto phylogenies because plant species can converge onto similar trait values, but strong phylogenetic signal driven by selection (as opposed to drift) suggests roles for escalation and co-evolution. Finally, Ficus species with complementary combinations of defenses will be less susceptible to insect damage and harbor distinct insect communities. We quantified susceptibility to insect herbivory and nine leaf traits related to resource acquisition and defense in 36 Ficus species growing in a common-garden setting, in dry and wet seasons over two years. We recovered a set of three syndromes defined by relatively small sets of trait combinations. Broadly speaking, these syndromes grouped fig species with different life forms. For example, epiphytic figs had nutrient-poor, tough, tannin-rich leaves, while free-standing trees tended to have leaves covered in trichomes and full of alkaloid-rich latex. When season and species identity were accounted for, the combination of two traits, higher C/N and higher latex tannin content, provided significantly stronger defense than did either trait taken singly. Several individual traits (C/N, latex tannin and trichome density) were significantly negatively correlated with herbivore damage, while alkaloid content was positively correlated (perhaps as a result of feeding by adapted herbivores). Several defensive traits influenced insect herbivore community structure. Finally, traits followed different evolutionary trajectories. While latex tannin, C/N and leaf tannin fit a Brownian-motion model of evolution, the first two escalating across Ficus phylogeny, others appeared to have more limited phylogenetic signal or tended to de-escalate. Overall, the patterns we detected support the concept of coordinated defense syndromes, demonstrating that evolutionary arms races can drive combinations of traits in this genus.</p>
Preparatory immunity: Seasonality of mucosal skin defenses and Batrachochytrium infections in Southern leopard frogs
<ol> <li>Accurately predicting the impacts of climate change on wildlife health requires a deeper understanding of seasonal rhythms in host–pathogen interactions. The amphibian pathogen, <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>), exhibits seasonality in incidence; however, the role that biological rhythms in host defences play in defining this pattern remains largely unknown.</li> <li>The aim of this study was to examine whether host immune and microbiome defences against <em>Bd</em> correspond with infection risk and seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity.</li> <li>Over the course of a year, five populations of Southern leopard frogs (<em>Rana</em> [<em>Lithobates</em>] <em>sphenocephala</em>) in Tennessee, United States, were surveyed for host immunity, microbiome and pathogen dynamics. Frogs were swabbed for pathogen load and skin bacterial diversity and stimulated to release stored antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Secretions were analysed to estimate total hydrophobic peptide concentrations, presence of known AMPs and effectiveness of <em>Bd</em> growth inhibition in vitro. The diversity and proportion of bacterial reads with a 99% match to sequences of isolates known to inhibit <em>Bd</em> growth in vitro were used as an estimate of predicted anti‐<em>Bd</em> function of the skin microbiome.</li> <li> <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> dynamics followed the expected seasonal fluctuations—peaks in cooler months—which coincided with when host mucosal defences were most potent against <em>Bd</em>. Specifically, the concentration and expression of stored AMPs cycled synchronously with <em>Bd</em> dynamics. Although microbiome changes followed more linear trends over time, the proportion of bacteria that can function to inhibit <em>Bd</em> growth was greatest when risk of <em>Bd</em> infection was highest.</li> <li>We interpret the increase in peptide storage in the fall and the shift to a more anti‐<em>Bd</em> microbiome over winter as a preparatory response for subsequent infection risk during the colder periods when AMP synthesis and bacterial growth is slow and pathogen pressure from this cool‐adapted fungus is high. Given that a decrease in stored AMP concentrations as temperatures warm in spring likely means greater secretion rates, the subsequent decrease in prevalence suggests seasonality of <em>Bd</em> in this host may be in part regulated by annual immune rhythms, and dominated by the effects of temperature.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.