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1,068 results for “demographic”
Figure 2. A in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)
Figure 2. A, geographical location of the sampled populations along its distributional range (for abbreviations of localities, see Table 1), and results of the BARRIER analysis. Pie charts display the frequency of occurrence of each haplotype in each locality; the size of the pie chart is proportional to population size. The genetic barriers in red are numbered (in Roman numerals) and the thickness is proportional to the ratio between genetic distance values between populations on both sides of each barrier to the average genetic distance among populations in the whole data set. The populations inside unfilled irregular shapes are the populations pooled by the BARRIER analysis (for more detail, see Material and methods). B, the four major genetic boundaries (thick colored lines) detected by BARRIER 2.2 using FST values. The order of the numerical pairs represents the sequence of the boundary formation. The black dots correspond to the population numbers plotted along the ordination (some populations were pooled by the analysis). The dashed lines and solid lines represent the Voronoi tessellation and the Delaunay triangulation, respectively.
Figure 1. A in Phylogeography and demographic history of the Andean degu, Octodontomys gliroides (Rodentia: Octodontidae)
Figure 1. A, phylogenetic relationships within the principal nodes for Octodontomys gliroides, based on Bayesian analysis of mtDNA control region haplotypes. Divergence dates of the most recent common ancestor in million years (above the branches), 95% credible intervals (below the branches), and nodes with high posterior probability (below the 95% credible intervals) are shown. The two main lineages are indicated by black and red lines, and the sublineages found in lineage A, referred to in the text as A1 and A2, respectively, are coloured as follow: sublineage A1, blue; sublineage A2, green. B, haplotype network recovered by statistical parsimony analysis. Each circle represents a different haplotype with size proportional to frequencies, with the largest circles representing the most abundant haplotypes. The coloration pattern of each haplotype represents the lineages and sublineages recovered in the phylogenetic analysis. White circles denote the number of mutational steps between haplotypes. For geographical details of sampling populations and haplotype codes, see Table 1.
Demographic responses of aphid Metopolophium dirhodum (Hem.: Aphididae) to drought stress
<p>Raw data files of demographic study of aphid <em>Metopolophium dirhodum </em></p>
Woodland Caribou demographic data and range boundaries
<p>As global climate change progresses, wildlife management will benefit from knowledge of demographic responses to climatic variation, particularly for species already endangered by other stressors. In Canada, climate change is expected to increasingly impact populations of threatened woodland caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus caribou</i>) and much focus has been placed on how a warming climate has potentially facilitated the northward expansion of apparent competitors and novel predators. Climate change, however, may also exert more direct effects on caribou populations that are not mediated by predation. These effects include meteorological changes that influence resource availability and energy expenditure. Research on other ungulates suggests that climatic variation may have minimal impact on low-density populations such as woodland caribou because per-capita resources may remain sufficient even in "bad" years. We evaluated this prediction using demographic data from 21 populations in western Canada that were monitored for various intervals between 1994 and 2015. We specifically assessed whether juvenile recruitment and adult female survival were correlated with annual variation in meteorological metrics and plant phenology. Against expectations, we found that both vital rates appeared to be influenced by annual climatic variation. Juvenile recruitment was primarily correlated with variation in phenological conditions in the year prior to birth. Adult female survival was more strongly correlated with meteorological conditions and declined during colder, more variable winters. These responses may be influenced by the life history of woodland caribou, which reside in low-productivity refugia where small climatic changes may result in changes to resources that are sufficient to elicit strong demographic effects. Across all models, explained variation in vital rates was low, suggesting that other factors had greater influence on caribou demography. Nonetheless, given the declining trajectories of many woodland caribou populations, our results highlight the increased relevance of recovery actions when adverse climatic conditions are likely to negatively affect caribou demography.</p>
Data from: The demographic history of micro-endemics: Have rare species always been rare?
<p>Extinction has increased as human activities impact ecosystems. Conservation assessments for the IUCN red list are a fundamental tool in aiding the prevention of further extinction, yet, relatively few species have been thoroughly assessed. To increase the efficiency of assessments, novel approaches are needed to highlight threatened species that are currently data deficient. Many Madagascan plant species currently have extremely narrow ranges, but this may not have always been the case. To assess this, we used high-throughput DNA sequencing for 2-5 individuals of each species - reflecting the paucity of samples available for rare species. We estimated effective population size (<em>N</em><sub><em>e</em></sub>) for each species and compared this to census population <em>(N</em><sub><em>c</em></sub>) sizes when known. In each case, <em>N</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> was an order of magnitude larger than <em>N</em><sub><em>c</em></sub> – a signature of rapid, recent population decline. We then estimated the demographic history of each species, tracking changes in <em>N</em><sub><em>e</em></sub> over time. Five out of ten species displayed significant population declines towards the present (68–90% decreases). Our results for palm trees indicate that it is possible to predict extinction risk, particularly in the most threatened species. We performed simulations to show that our approach has the power to detect population decline during the Anthropocene, but performs less well when less data is used. Similar declines to those in palms were observed in data deficient species or those assessed as of least concern. These analyses reveal that Madagascar's narrow endemics were not always rare, having experienced rapid decline in their recent history. Our approach offers the opportunity to target species in need of conservation assessment with little prior information, particularly in regions where human modification of the environment has been rapid.</p>
Data analysis from: Demographic consequences of changing body size in a terrestrial salamander
<p>Changes in climate can alter individual body size, and the resulting shifts in reproduction and survival are expected to impact population dynamics and viability. However, appropriate methods to account for size-dependent demographic changes are needed, especially in understudied yet threatened groups such as amphibians. We investigated individual and population-level demographic effects of changes in body size for a terrestrial salamander using capture-mark-recapture data. For our analysis, we implemented an integral projection model parameterized with capture-recapture likelihood estimates from a Bayesian framework. Our study combines survival and growth data from a single dataset to quantify the influence of size on survival while including different sources of uncertainty around these parameters, demonstrating how selective forces can be studied in populations with limited data and incomplete recaptures. We found a strong dependency of the population growth rate on changes in individual size, mediated by potential changes in selection on mean body size and on maximum body size. Our approach of simultaneous parameter estimation can be extended across taxa to identify eco-evolutionary mechanisms acting on size-specific vital rates, and thus shaping population dynamics and viability.</p>
Demographic changes and life-history strategies predict the genetic diversity in crabs
<p>Uncovering what predicts genetic diversity (GD) within species can help us access the status of populations and their evolutionary potential. Traits related to effective population size show a proportional association to GD, but evidence supports life-history strategies and habitat as the drivers of GD variation. Instead of investigating highly divergent taxa, focusing on one group could help to elucidate the factors influencing the GD. Additionally, most empirical data is based on vertebrate taxa; therefore, we might be missing novel patterns of GD found in neglected invertebrate groups. Here, we investigated the predictors of the GD in crabs (Brachyura) by compiling the most comprehensive cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) available. Eight predictor variables were analyzed across 150 species (16,992 sequences) using linear models (multiple linear regression) and comparative methods (PGLS). Our results indicate that population size fluctuation represents the most critical trait predicting GD, with species that have undergone bottlenecks followed by population expansion showing lower GD. Egg size, pelagic larval duration, and habitat might play a role probably because of their association with how species respond to disturbances. Ultimately, K-strategists that have undergone bottlenecks are the species showing lower GD. Some variables do not show an association with GD as expected, most likely due to the taxon-specific role of some predictors, which should be considered in further investigations and generalizations. This work highlights the complexity underlying the predictors of GD and adds results from a marine invertebrate group to the current understanding of this topic.</p>
Demographic data, disease characteristics, and laboratory findings for Association between polymorphisms within gene coding for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha with outcomes of treatment in sample of Iraqi patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis taking Etanercept
<p>Demographic data, disease characteristics, and laboratory findings for Association between polymorphisms within gene coding for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha with outcomes of treatment in sample of Iraqi patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis taking Etanercept</p>
Estimated values of boreal caribou demographic rates (R, S, lambda) generated from SpaDES landscape simulations in the Northwest Territories
<p>Most research on boreal populations of Woodland caribou (<em>Rangifer tarandus caribou</em>) has been conducted in areas of high anthropogenic disturbance. However, a large portion of the species' range overlaps relatively pristine areas primarily disturbed by natural disturbances, such as wildfire. Climate-driven habitat change is a key concern for the conservation of boreal-dependent species, where management decisions have yet to consider knowledge from multiple ecological domains integrated into a cohesive and spatially explicit forecast of species-specific habitat and demography. We used a novel ecological forecasting framework to provide climate-sensitive projections of habitat and demography for five boreal caribou monitoring areas within the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada, over 90 years. Importantly, we quantify uncertainty around forecasted mean values. Our results suggest habitat suitability may increase in central and southwest regions of the NWT's Taiga Plains ecozone but decrease in southern and northwestern regions driven by conversion of coniferous to deciduous forests. We do not project boreal caribou population growth rates to change despite forecasted changes to habitat suitability. Our results emphasize the importance of efforts to protect and restore northern boreal caribou habitat despite climate uncertainty while highlighting expected spatial variations that are important considerations for local people who rely on them. An ability to reproduce previous work, and critical thought when incorporating sources of uncertainty, will be important to refine forecasts, derive management decisions, and improve conservation efficacy for northern species at risk.</p>
FIG. 3 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
FIG. 3.—Relationships between percent mass loss and number of days spent in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio, for individually marked female (R2 ¼ 0.57, P ¼ 0.001; y ¼ 1.25x þ 6.76) and male (R2 ¼ 0.18, P ¼ 0.001, y ¼ 0.29x þ 3.39) Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from 2005 to 2014.
F. 1 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
F. 1.—Numbers of (a) breeding Ambŋstoma maculatum adults (R2 ¼ IG 0.46, P ¼ 0.03), (b) split by sex (females, R2 ¼ 0.02, P ¼ 0.67; males, R2 ¼ 0.68, P ¼ 0.003), and (c) counts of breeding females plotted alongside egg mass counts and numbers of emerging juveniles from 2005 to 2014 in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. Numbers near the bottom of (b) reflect sex ratios (male:female), and numbers near the bottom of (c) reflect recruitment rates (emerging juveniles per breeding female) for each year. Significant negative linear relationships of overall breeding adults (a) and breeding males (b) over time are represented by the equations y ¼ 46.1x þ 93246.0 and y ¼ 41.6x þ 84148.9, respectively.
FIG. 2 in A Long-term Demographic Study of a Spotted Salamander (Ambŋstoma maculatum) Population in Central Ohio
FIG. 2.—Mean values (±1 SE) for mass (a) and snout–vent length (SVL, b) of inbound female and male Ambŋstoma maculatum sampled from 2005 to 2014 in Taylor–Ochs Pond, Ohio. See Table 3 for the sample size contributing to each depicted value. In all years, for both body-size indicators, females were larger than males (P <0.05). For simplicity, only differences among years (sexes combined) are reflected by different letter(s) above each pair of bars.
The Role of Demographic Factors on Religious Beliefs: Evidence from 5 Countries
<p>Raw data and questionnaire for the manuscript titled: The Role of Demographic Factors on Religious Beliefs: Evidence from 5 Countries</p>
Fig. 2 in Demographic and environmental correlates of home ranges and long-distance movements of Mohave ground squirrels
Fig. 2.—Back-transformed model fitted values from the best-performing model of size of annual home ranges (a) by sex (mean ± SE) and (b) the standard deviation (SD) of elevation for Mohave ground squirrels in the Freeman Gulch study area, Mojave Desert, California, 2003–2004. Gray bands in (b) represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 1 in Demographic and environmental correlates of home ranges and long-distance movements of Mohave ground squirrels
Fig. 1.—Map of the Freeman Gulch study area in the west-central portion of the geographic range of the Mohave ground squirrel (MGS) in the Mojave Desert, California. The study area is approximately indicated by a minimum convex polygon drawn around all MGS radiotelemetry locations collected in 2003–2004. The Coso Range, in which MGS studies were conducted in the 1990s, is located in the northern portion of the MGS range. The top inset map shows juvenile and adult MGS locations within the Freeman Gulch study area. The cluster of locations in the extreme northeast of the inset was from a single individual that made a long-distance movement as a juvenile in 2003 and established a home range as an adult the following year. The bottom inset map shows the location of the MGS range in southern California.
Data from: Contrasting demographic responses to size-selective harvesting among neighboring wild fish populations
<p>Sustainable harvesting of wild populations relies on evidence-based knowledge to predict harvesting outcomes for species and the ecosystems they inhabit. Although harvesting may elicit compensatory density-dependence, it is generally size-selective, which induces additional pressures that are challenging to forecast. Furthermore, responses to harvest may be population-specific and whether generalizable patterns exist remains unclear.</p> <p>Taking advantage of Parks Canada's mandate to remove introduced brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>) to restore alpine lakes in Canadian parks, we experimentally applied standardized size-selective harvesting rates (the largest ~64% annually) for three consecutive summers in five populations with different initial size structures. Four unharvested populations were used as controls.</p> <p>At reduced densities, harvested and control populations exhibited similar density-dependent increases in specific growth, juvenile survival, and earlier maturation. However, size-selective harvesting simultaneously induced changes to size and age structure that contrasted among harvested populations. Average body length decreased in three of five harvested populations, whereas it tended to increase in control populations over the three years. We also detected contrasting, population-specific changes in body length variability and ultimately in length- and age-at-harvest in harvested populations but not controls.</p> <p>Overall, populations with smaller, more homogeneous body sizes, and living at high densities were most resilient to size-selective harvesting, exhibiting the smallest change in size-at-age. In contrast, large-bodied populations exhibited more substantial size-structure changes following selective harvesting: large-bodied populations experienced either stabilizing or disruptive pressures, when initial length variability was high or low, respectively.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and application</em>: Our results show that within species, size-selective harvesting inherently leads to more risk and uncertainty when harvesting populations with larger and more varied body sizes than smaller-bodied populations with less range in body size. Our study supports prioritizing regulations that protect harvested populations with larger and more varied body sizes. Such a management strategy would reduce the likelihood of eliciting unpredictable or undesirable demographic changes to fish populations with these attributes.</p>
Dicerandra christmanii demographic data
<p>These data files consist of demographic measures taken on marked plants of the federally endangered <em>Dicerandra</em> <em>christmanii</em> from natural populations (in open gaps and roadsides), an augmented population, and introduced population. Data were collected from seven populations across two sites from 199 –2018 although populations were initiated in different years. </p>
First demographic insights reveal high extinction risk of an endemic raptor species: the Reunion harrier
<p><span>Gathering demographic information on rare species is critical to understanding their population dynamics and implementing efficient conservation measures. Using integrated models, w</span><span>e jointly analyzed multiple data sets, including capture-recapture, GPS tracking, and nest monitoring data collected over the last 10 years, to provide the first demographic insights for </span><span>one of the world's rarest raptors,</span><span> the </span><span>endemic </span><span>Reunion harrier </span><em><span>Circus maillardi</span></em><span>. We estimated key demographic rates including annual survival and breeding parameters (clutch size, hatching and fledging success), and used population projection models to assess population growth rate and quasi-extinction risk. In order to guide future conservation actions for the population, we evaluated the effects of different management scenarios that improve survival, fecundity, or both, on population growth and quasi-extinction risk. Comparison of the estimated annual survival (juvenile and subadult survival: 0.66; adult survival: 0.71) and breeding parameters (clutch size: 2.3; hatching success: 0.47; fledging success: 0.74) with those of other harrier species suggests that adult survival and breeding parameters of Reunion harriers are low. A small data set collected 40 years ago suggests that the probability of an egg producing a fledgling was higher and has declined to the current low level. The population models project that the Reunion harrier population is declining and faces a high risk of quasi-extinction in the next 40 years. Only management measures that simultaneously improve adult survival and fecundity could lead to a recovery of the population. These alarming results call for immediate conservation action aimed at rapidly improving the demographic rates. </span></p>
Code and data for: Demographic resilience may sustain significant coral populations in a 2°C-warmer world.
<p>Data and Matlab code produced for the manuscript: Mason, R. A. B., Bozec, Y.-M., & Mumby, P. J. (2023). Demographic resilience may sustain significant coral populations in a 2°C-warmer world. <em>Global Change Biology</em>, 29(14): 4152-4160. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16741">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16741</a></p> <p>For questions about the contents of this repository, please contact robert.mason1@uqconnect.edu.au</p>
Behavioural, demographic and fitness consequences of social instability in cooperatively breeding dwarf mongoose groups
<p><span>Social instability frequently arises in group-living species, but the potential costs</span> <span>have rarely been investigated in free-living cooperative breeders, especially across different timeframes.</span><span> Using natural observations, body-mass measurements and life-history data from dwarf mongooses (<em>Helogale</em> <em>parvula</em>), we determined the short- and longer-term consequences of a change in one of the dominant breeding pair. We found that a new breeder led to alterations in both collective and individual behaviour (i.e., increases in communal scent-marking, engagement in intergroup interactions, sentinel activity and within-group grooming), as well as reduced body-mass gain, further demographic changes and decreased reproductive success (i.e., fewer pups surviving to adulthood). The effects were particularly apparent when it was the female breeder who changed; new female breeders were younger than more experienced counterparts. Our findings support the idea that stability and cooperation are strongly linked and provide potential reasons for previously documented health and fitness benefits of social stability.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.