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Fig. 4 in A new species of Tetragonopterus (Characiformes: Characidae) from Central Amazon lowlands, Brazil

Fig. 4. Map of northern South America showing the distribution of Tetragonopterus manaos; yellow circle represents the holotype and black circles represent paratypes.

Fig 1 in Essential oils from Citrus x aurantium and Citrus x latifolia (Rutaceae) have anesthetic activity and are effective in reducing ion loss in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Fig 1. Net ion (Na+, K+, Cl̅) fluxes (a-b) and ammonia excretion (c-d) in silver catfish through 8 h of exposure to essential oils of Citrus x aurantium (EOCA) and Citrus x latifolia (EOCL). Values are means ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments (P <0.05). Positive values indicate net influxes and negative values net effluxes.

Fig. 2 in Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998

Fig. 2. Urohyal bone of a. Kryptolebias brasiliensis (modified from Costa, 2004), b. Atlantirivulus aff. paranaguensis, c. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, d. Ophthalmolebias constanciae, e. Austrolebias juanlangi, f. Austrolebias wolterstorffi; adp = anterodorsal process. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998

Fig. 5. Anterior section of anal fin of a. Papiliolebias bitteri, b. Pterolebias longipinnis, c. Ophthalmolebias constanciae; apr1-2 = proximal radials fused. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998

Fig. 1. Suspensorium of a. Kryptolebias caudomarginatus (Seegers) (modified from Costa, 1998), b. Pterolebias longipinnis Garman, c. Papiliolebias bitteri (Costa), d. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Reagan), e. Ophthalmolebias constanciae (Myers), f. Austrolebias vazferreirai (Berkenkamp, Etzel, Reichert & Salvia). "a" = autopalatine, hy = hyomandibula, "mrpr" = median rim of preopercle, "ms" = mesopterygoid, "mt" = metapterygoid, "pro" = preopercle, "q" = quadrate, "sy" = symplectic. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998

Fig. 8. Pectoral girdle of a. Papiliolebias bitteri, b. Cynopoecilus melanotaenia, c. Ophthalmolebias constanciae; cl = cleithrum, co = coracoid, pr = pectoral radial, pt = postemporal, scl = supracleithrum, sq = scapula. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Fish diversity in the cascade of reservoirs along the Paranapanema River, southeast Brazil

Fig. 2. Species accumulation curves controlled by sampling effort (47 samples). Curves were calculated separately for native and non-native species.

Fig. 3. Karyotypes after FISH with 5S in Contributions to the systematic of Pimelodidae (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes): basic and molecular cytogenetics on seven species of Pimelodus from three Brazilian hydrographic systems

Fig. 3. Karyotypes after FISH with 5S rDNA probes (red) and 18S rDNA probe (green). a. Pimelodus absconditus; b. Pimelodus britskii; c. Pimelodus maculatus; d. Pimelodus microstoma; e. Pimelodus mysteriosus; f. Pimelodus ortmanni; g. Pimelodus paranaensis. Scales bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 2. Karyotypes arranged from C-banded chromosomes. a in Contributions to the systematic of Pimelodidae (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes): basic and molecular cytogenetics on seven species of Pimelodus from three Brazilian hydrographic systems

Fig. 2. Karyotypes arranged from C-banded chromosomes. a. Pimelodus absconditus; b. Pimelodus britskii; c. Pimelodus maculatus; d. Pimelodus microstoma; e. Pimelodus mysteriosus; f. Pimelodus ortmanni; g. Pimelodus paranaensis. B chromosomes in the boxes. Scales bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 1 in Fish diversity in the cascade of reservoirs along the Paranapanema River, southeast Brazil

Fig. 1. The cascade of dams (red squares) along the Paranapanema River. Dams: 1 = Jurumirim; 2 = Piraju; 3 = Paranapanema; 4 = Chavantes; 5 = Ourinhos; 6 = Salto Grande; 7 = Canoas II; 8 = Canoas I; 9 = Capivara; 10 = Taquaruçu; 11 = Rosana. States: MS = Mato Grosso do Sul; PR = Paraná; SP = São Paulo.

Fig. 5 in Contributions to the systematic of Pimelodidae (Osteichthyes, Siluriformes): basic and molecular cytogenetics on seven species of Pimelodus from three Brazilian hydrographic systems

Fig. 5. Cytogenetics data and phylogenetic relationships between Pimelodidae (modified from Lundberg et al., 2011). N= Neopimelodines; S= Sorubimines; CP= Calophysus-Pimelodus Clade; C = Calophysines; PI = Pimelodus Group; 2n = number diploid; p = short arm; q = long arm; S = simple; M = multiple.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive biology of the eyespot skate Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Arhynchobatidae) an endemic species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (34ºS - 42ºS)

Fig. 6. Seasonal variation in gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes for a.-b. males and c.-d. females of Atlantoraja cyclophora. The number of samples analyzed is between parentheses. The boxes represent the interquartile range between Q1 and Q3 with the 50% of data, the central line represents the median value and whiskers extend to the maximum and minimum values

Fig. 3 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 3. Monthly variation of Cyphocharax voga GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25- 75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 2 in Discrimination of habitat use between two sympatric species of mullets, Mugil curema and Mugil liza (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in the rio Tramandaí Estuary, determined by otolith chemistry

Fig. 2. Means and standard deviations (SD) of (a) Sr86:Ca43 (mmol.mol-1); and (b) Ba137:Ca43 ratio (µmol.mol-1) in otoliths of the inner 20 measurements (core) and the outer 20 measurements (edge) of Mugil curema and M. liza caught in the Tramandaí River Estuary, Brazil. Different letters within a spruce stand denote significant differences between species (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05).

Fig. 5 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 5. Monthly variation of Oligosarcus jenynsii GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25- 75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 2 in Defining the reproductive period of freshwater fish species using the Gonadosomatic Index: a proposed protocol applied to ten species of the Patos Lagoon basin

Fig. 2. Monthly variation of Astyanax fasciatus GSI values (adult females only) in Guaíba Lake (white) and Casamento Lake (dark gray), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (median, 25- 75% quartiles and lower-upper GSI limits by month and site). Three GSI cut-off values were tested with respect to the maximum GSI recorded for each species, for delimitation of reproductive months: 20% (G20), 30% (G30) and 40% (G40).

Fig. 5 in Description of a new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper Paraguay basin, Central Brazil, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships

Fig. 5. Map showing the localities of Moenkhausia flava. Red star represents the type locality. Black square represents the Salto das Nuvens fall and the white square represents Salto Maciel fall.

Fig. 4 in Discrimination of habitat use between two sympatric species of mullets, Mugil curema and Mugil liza (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in the rio Tramandaí Estuary, determined by otolith chemistry

Fig. 4. Otolith transects of Mugil liza measured by LA-ICP-MS from the core to the edge. Ba137:Ca43 (line) and Sr86:Ca43 (dashed line). The identification code and total length (mm) of each fish are indicated on the graph.

Fig. 1 in Ontogenetic development of tetra Astyanax lacustris (Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 1. Development of Astyanax lacustris during the yolk-sac larval stage: a. newly hatched larva, with adhesive gland (A), eyes with little pigmentation (B), the optic vesicle (C), and no anal opening (D); b. increased pigmentation of the eye (E), increased pigmentation of the yolk reserves (F), and button of the pectoral fin (G); c. mouth in ventral position (H), further development of the optic vesicle (I), and pigmentation of the heart (J); d. pigmented eyes (K) and swim bladder (L).

Fig. 4 in Ontogenetic development of tetra Astyanax lacustris (Characiformes: Characidae)

Fig. 4. Specimens of Astyanax lacustris in the postflexion stage: a. presence of food in the digestive tract (A); b. teeth (B); c. punctate pigmentation on the dorsal region of the head (C); and d. scales (D).