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FIGURES 29–30 in Larval morphology of Paroster Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae): reinforcement of the hypothesis of monophyletic origin and discussion of phenotypic accommodation to a hypogaeic environment
FIGURES 29–30. Paroster wedgeensis (third-instar larva): (29) head capsule, dorsal aspect (not all secondary setae represented); (30) abdominal segment eight and proximal portion of urogomphi, dorsal aspect. Scale bar = 0.20 mm.
FIGURES 12–14 in Larval morphology of Paroster Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae): reinforcement of the hypothesis of monophyletic origin and discussion of phenotypic accommodation to a hypogaeic environment
FIGURES 12–14. Paroster darlotensis (first-instar larva): (12–13) abdominal segment eight; (12) dorsal aspect; (13) ventral aspect; (14) urogomphus, dorsal aspect; AB, abdominal segment eight; UR, urogomphus. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Scale bars = 0.10 mm.
FIGURES 10–11 in Larval morphology of Paroster Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae): reinforcement of the hypothesis of monophyletic origin and discussion of phenotypic accommodation to a hypogaeic environment
FIGURES 10–11. Paroster darlotensis (first-instar larva), metathoracic leg: (10) anterior aspect; (11) posterior aspect. CO, coxa; FE, femur; PT, pretarsus; TA, tarsus; TI, tibia; TR, trochanter. Setae PT1 and PT2 not represented. Numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
FIGURES 15–16 in Larval morphology of Paroster Sharp, 1882 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae): reinforcement of the hypothesis of monophyletic origin and discussion of phenotypic accommodation to a hypogaeic environment
FIGURES 15–16. Paroster darlotensis (third-instar larva): (15) head capsule, dorsal aspect (not all secondary setae represented); (16) abdominal segment eight and proximal portion of urogomphi, dorsal aspect. Scale bars = 0.50 mm.
Figs. 12–15 in Larval Morphology Of Agabetes Crotch (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): The Hypothesis Of Sister-Group Relationship With The Subfamily Laccophilinae Revisited
Figs. 12–15. Agabetes acuductus (Harris), Instar I. (12–13) Abdominal segment 8, 12) dorsal surface, 13) distal portion of ventral surface; (14–15) urogomphus, 14) dorsal aspect, 15) ventral aspect; protibia, anterior surface; AB = abdominal segment 8; UR = urogomphus; numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
Figs. 9–11 in Larval Morphology Of Agabetes Crotch (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): The Hypothesis Of Sister-Group Relationship With The Subfamily Laccophilinae Revisited
Figs. 9–11. Agabetes acuductus (Harris), Instar I, leg. (9–10) Metathoracic leg, 9) anterior surface, 10) posterior surface; 11) protibia, anterior surface; CO = coxa, FE = femur, TA = tarsus, TI = tibia, TR = trochanter, numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively; filled square = additional setae; pretarsus not represented. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
Figs. 3–7 in Larval Morphology Of Agabetes Crotch (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): The Hypothesis Of Sister-Group Relationship With The Subfamily Laccophilinae Revisited
Figs. 3–7. Agabetes acuductus (Harris), head appendages, Instar I. 3) Mandible, ventral aspect; (4–5) antenna, 4) dorsal aspect, 5) ventral aspect; (6–7) labium, 6) dorsal aspect, 7) ventral aspect; AN = antenna; gAn = antennal group; gLA = labial group; LA = labium; MN = mandible; numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively; square = additional seta. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
Figs. 1–2 in Larval Morphology Of Agabetes Crotch (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Dytiscidae): The Hypothesis Of Sister-Group Relationship With The Subfamily Laccophilinae Revisited
Figs. 1–2. Agabetes acuductus (Harris), head capsule, Instar I. 1) Dorsal aspect; 2) ventral aspect; EB = egg bursters, LC = lamellae clypeales, FR = frontoclypeus, PA = parietale, TP = tentorial pits; numbers and lowercase letters refer to primary setae and pores, respectively. Scale bar = 0.10 mm.
Complete codes for "Linking functional traits and diversity-invasibility hypothesis in submerged macrophyte communities under eutrophication", by Li
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Supplementary - Testing the Tropical Niche Conservatism Hypothesis: Climatic niche evolution of Escallonia Mutis ex L. F. (Escalloniaceae)
<p>Supplementary material of the article Testing the Tropical Niche Conservatism Hypothesis: Climatic niche evolution of Escallonia Mutis ex L. F. (Escalloniaceae)</p>
Figure S4. Presence of Japanese Kanji ideograms on rubber bales found in 2021 along the Brazilian coastline. This historical evidence from 2021 supports the hypothesis of a new wreck as the 2018 and 2019 event had different language entries from the former French Indo-China (Teixeira et al., 2021).
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Next-generation phylogeography of the banded newts (Ommatotriton): A phylogenetic hypothesis for three ancient species with geographically restricted interspecific gene flow and deep intraspecific genetic structure
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Technological developments now make it possible to employ many markers for many individuals in a phylogeographic setting, even for taxa with large and complex genomes such as salamanders. The banded newt (genus <i>Ommatotriton</i>) from the Near East has been proposed to contain three species (<i>O. nesterovi</i>, <i>O. ophryticus </i>and <i>O. vittatus</i>) with unclear phylogenetic relationships, apparently limited interspecific gene flow and deep intraspecific geographic mtDNA structure. We use parallel tagged amplicon sequencing to obtain 177 nuclear DNA markers for 35 banded newts sampled throughout the range. We determine population structure (with Bayesian clustering and principal component analysis), interspecific gene flow (by determining the distribution of species-diagnostic alleles) and phylogenetic relationships (by maximum likelihood inference of concatenated sequence data and based on a summary-coalescent approach). We confirm that the three proposed species are genetically distinct. A sister relationship between <i>O. nesterovi</i> and <i>O. ophryticus</i> is suggested. We find evidence for introgression between <i>O. nesterovi</i> and <i>O. ophryticus</i>, but this is geographically limited. Intraspecific structuring is extensive, with the only recognized banded newt subspecies, <i>O. vittatus cilicensis</i>, representing the most distinct lineage below the species level. While mtDNA mostly mirrors the pattern observed in nuclear DNA, all banded newt species show mito-nuclear discordance as well.</p>
Scintillation event list database produced for "Multiyear Detection, Classification and Hypothesis of Ionospheric Layer Causing GNSS Scintillation"
<table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Database produced for and associated with journal article https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RS007328</td> </tr> <tr> <td>This database contains scintillation events identified by the "Detect, Classify, Hypothesize" method as described in the journal article. </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Created by Datta-Barua, Seebany.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Open Access License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sheets labeled "S*_yyyy_freq" contain a list of scintillation events based on data from the SAGA array.</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>For S* the abbreviations are:</td> <td>"SP": sigma phi index, i.e., phase scintillation events</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>"S4": S4 index, i.e., amplitude scintillation events</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>"SPS4": sigma phi and S4, i.e., both-phase-and-amplitude events</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>yyyy indicates the four-digit year, from 2014 through 2019</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>freq:</td> <td>"L1CA": refers to GPS L1 frequency 1575 MHz</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>"L2CL": refers to GPS L2C frequency 1227 MHz</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>In each sheet "S*_yyyy_freq" the columns are:</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column A:</td> <td>Year (2014-2019)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column B:</td> <td>day of year (1-366)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column C:</td> <td>frequency (1 for L1, 2 for L2C)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column D:</td> <td>GPS satellite PRN (1-32)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column E:</td> <td>Scintillation start UT hour (0-23)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column F:</td> <td>Scintillation start UT minute (0-59)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column G:</td> <td>Scintillation end UT hour (0-23)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column H:</td> <td>Scintillation end UT minute (0-59)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column I:</td> <td>number of receivers operational (4-6)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Column J:</td> <td>PFISR-based hypothesized layer (1-7, as described below)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1:</td> <td>E layer (majority peak height < 150 km)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2:</td> <td>F layer (majority peak height > 195 km)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3:</td> <td>T layer (150 < majority peak height < 195 km)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4:</td> <td>I layer (no majority layer)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5:</td> <td>"N"- no Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) long pulse data and no alternating code data</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>6:</td> <td>"NLP" - no PFISR long pulse</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>7:</td> <td>"NAC" - no PFISR alternating code</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>A blank sheet indicates that there were no events of that type and at that frequency found in that year.</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Figure 4 in New insights into the six decades of Mesa's hypothesis of chromosomal evolution in Ommexechinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Figure 4. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the (TTAGG)n telomere probe (red signals) in meiotic chromosomes of five Ommexechinae species, counterstained with DAPI (blue). Rearranged chromosomes with are indicated for Ca. maculosa (A), O. macropterum (B), O. virens (C), Cl. bimaculata (D), P. signata (E). Bar = 10µm.
Figure 3 in New insights into the six decades of Mesa's hypothesis of chromosomal evolution in Ommexechinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Figure 3. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of multigene families in mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of five Ommexechinae species, counterstained with DAPI (blue). Chromosomes with positive signals for 18S rDNA (A–E), 5S rDNA (F–J), U2 snDNA (K–O) and H3 (P–T) probes are indicated in white for Ca. maculosa (A, F, K, P), O. macropterum (B, G, L, Q), O. virens (C, H, M, R), Cl. bimaculata (D, I, N, S) and P. signata (E, J, O T). Meiotic cells are presented in most species, except for O. macropterum (B, G, L) and O. virens (H), in which mitotic cells are presented. H3 FISH experiment was unsuccessful in O. macropterum, due to lack of material (Q). Bar = 10µm.
Figure 6 in New insights into the six decades of Mesa's hypothesis of chromosomal evolution in Ommexechinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Figure 6. Schematic representation of two pathways in Ommexechinae L1 autosome evolution. To explain the variable L1 morphology and the distal U2 snDNA location, at least two different inversions must be considered. In the first hypothesis (A), two pericentric inversions are considered, the first one (A1–2) modifying L1 morphology (from acrocentric to submetacentric) and U2 snDNA location (from interstitial to distal), and the second one (A2–3) restoring the acrocentric morphology in P. signata and Cl. bimaculata. The alternative hypothesis involves two different kinds of inversions (B). First, a paracentric inversion changes U2 location without affecting morphology (B1–2) and, then, a pericentric one only changes L1 morphology (B2–3). Both hypotheses are further explained in the paragraph.
Figure 1 in New insights into the six decades of Mesa's hypothesis of chromosomal evolution in Ommexechinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Figure 1. Conventional analysis of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of five Ommexechinae species. The karyotypes (A–E) and metaphase I of males (F–J) are shown for Ca. maculosa (A, F), O. macropterum (B, G), O. virens (C, H), Cl. bimaculata (D, I) and P. signata (E, J). Male karyotypes were obtained from spermatogonial cells (A–C, E) or from cells in anaphase I (D). Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing order size, and bi-armed autosomes are indicated in red. Male metaphase I shows (F–J) the first pair of autosomes indicated with arrows and the sex chromosomes with dotted lines. The structure of P. signata neo-X chromosome is indicated with light-blue colour and the neo-Y with orange (E, J). Inset (J) highlight P. signata neo-XY. Bar = 10µm.
Figure 2 in New insights into the six decades of Mesa's hypothesis of chromosomal evolution in Ommexechinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Figure 2. Distribution of heterochromatin and chromatin base-richness in five Ommexechinae species. C banding (A–E), CMA3 (F–J) and DAPI (K–O) staining were performed in Ca. maculosa (A, F, K), O. macropterum (B, G, L), O. virens (C, H, M), Cl. bimaculata (D, I, N) and P. signata (E, J, O). Pictures were obtained from female somatic mitosis, in exception to CMA3 and DAPI for P. signata (J, O), in which spermatogonial mitosis is presented, and also in (E, inset), in which C-banding pattern is shown for neo-sex bivalent at metaphase I. Autosomes with positive signals for each technique are indicated with black and white arrows and dotted lines. Yellow arrowheads exemplify the centromeric positive pattern for different banding techniques: C-positive (D), CMA3 positive (I), and DAPI positive (L). The red arrowhead exemplifies additional interstitial C positive blocks (C). Neo-sex chromosomes and their positive signals are indicated green (neo-X) and orange (neo-Y). Insets show in detail the banding patterns of chromosomes of S group in O. macropterum (B) and O. virens (C), and P. signata neo-XY (E, J, O). C = centromere, bar = 10µm except indicated otherwise.
Figure 5 in New insights into the six decades of Mesa's hypothesis of chromosomal evolution in Ommexechinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acridoidea)
Figure 5. Schematic representation of multigene families chromosomal locations. Species names, probes and chromosome numbers are indicated in each figure. Coloured arrowheads show chromosomes that shared probe locations for at least three species and, therefore, homeology is suggested, as follows: L1 chromosomes of all species (U2 snDNA), L2 (5S rDNA location plus H3 in some cases) of P. signata, Cl. bimaculata, O. virens and Ca. maculosa, M3 of Cl. bimaculata, Ca. maculosa, O. virens and O. macropterum (5S rDNA) and X chromosomes of Cl. bimaculata, Ca. maculosa together with XR of P. signata (18S rDNA).
Data from: Species boundaries in the messy middle – testing the hypothesis of micro-endemism in a recently diverged lineage of coastal fog desert lichen fungi
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Species delimitation among closely related species is challenging because traditional phenotype-based approaches, e.g., morphology, ecological, or chemical characteristics, often produce conflicting results. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing, it has become increasingly cost-effective to acquire genome-scale data which can resolve previously ambiguous species boundaries. As the availability of genome-scale data has increased, numerous species delimitation analyses, such as BPP and SNAPP+Bayes factor delimitation (BFD*), have been developed to delimit species boundaries. However, even empirical molecular species delimitation approaches can be biased by confounding evolutionary factors, e.g., hybridization/introgression and incomplete lineage sorting, and computational limitations. Here we investigate species <span><span>boundaries and the potential for micro-endemism in a lineage of lichen-forming fungi, <i>Niebla </i>Rundel & Bowler in the family Ramalinaceae. The species delimitation models tend to support more specious groupings, but were unable to infer robust, consistent species delimitations. </span></span>The results of our study highlight the problem of delimiting species, particularly in groups such as <i>Niebla</i>, with complex, recent phylogeographic histories.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.