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Fig. 16. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 16. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, metacarpal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metacarpal and phalanx lengths measured in each1st–5th finger. Black dashed lines represent the empirical curves pn = ct /(n+1) and red dotted lines represent the empirical curve px = ct /[(n+1)*1.2] for the largest and smallest measured finger, where ct is the length of the metacarpals and pn is the length of the n-th phalanx. F. Lengths are normalized by the respective metacarpal length in all the measured fingers. Black line shows the mean normalized length; black dash-dotted line represent the 2σ interval. Red dotted line represents the empirical curve pn = ct/[(n+1)*1.2]. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mc, metacarpals; p1–p5, phalanges.

Fig. 5 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 5. Length vs. width relationships in different forelimb bones bones (A, humerus; B, radius; C, ulna) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. The measured bone and the measurements taken are indicated in the upper left corner of each figure (see Fig. 1). The statistical parameters are indicated in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 3. Relationships found in different regions of the skull of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Snout width (A) and length (B) vs. skull length; squares in B, G–I: skull length minus snout length. Orbit length (C) and PBO-PBS (length between the posterior border of orbit and the posterior border of the skull) (D) vs. skull length. Maximum skull width vs. skull length (E) and orbit length (F). The measured regions are indicated in the upper left corner of each figure; x and y indicate the axis on which the measurement is plotted. G–I. Respective statistical parameters for A–F: coefficient a and its 95% confidence interval (G), correlation coefficient (H), number of samples (I).

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Fig. 1 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 1. Location of petrified woods. A. Location of the study area at San Juan province, Argentina. B. Hilario (northern), Barreal (southern) and Rincón Blanco depocenters of Cuyana Basin. The satellite image taken from Google Earth Pro. C. Location map of the Hilario Creek, in the Hilario (northern) depocenter. Modified from Ruiz and Bodnar (2019).

Fig. 4 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 4. Resultant parameters from the comparison between length and width of different limb bones of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Coefficient a and its 95% confidence interval (A), correlation coefficient (B), number of measurements/samples (squares) and number of individuals (diamonds) studied (C); colors identify measurements of the same bone. Abbreviations: cw, central width; dw, distal width; l, length; pw, proximal width.

Fig. 1 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 1. Anatomical reconstruction of pes/hindlimb (A) and manus/forelimb (B) in an adult Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Colours indicate the identity of the different elements that form the limbs. CL?, lateral centrale? (ontogenetic development of this bone is discussed in detail in the carpus section); I–V, finger/toe numbers. Modified from Piñeiro et al. (2016).

Fig. 2 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 2. Anatomical reconstruction of pes/hindlimb (A) and manus/forelimb (B) in an adult Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926. Colours indicate the identity of the different elements that form the limbs. I–V, finger/toe number. Based on Currie (1981) and Caldwell (1997).

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Fig. 3 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 3. Ginkgoalean wood. Baieroxylon cicatricum Prasad and Lele, 1984 (CTES-PB 14411) from Hilario Creek, San Juan province, Argentina, Upper Triassic. Longitudinal radial section of tracheids with biseriate pits (A1), Pits in the cross-fields (A2, arrows).

Fig. 7 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 7. Resultant parameters from comparison between the length of different limb bones of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. Coefficient a and its 95% confidence interval (A), correlation coefficient (B), number of measurements/samples (squares) and number of individuals (diamonds) studied (C); colors identify measurements of the same bone. Abbreviations: As, astragalus; CI–CV, metacarpals, Fe, femur; Fi, fibula; Hu, humerus; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; TI–TV, metatarsals; Ul, ulna.

Fig. 5 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity

Fig. 5. Thin sections of trepostome bryozoan Homotrypa cochlea sp. nov. from Upper Leintwardine Formation, Ludfordian, upper Ludlow, Silurian; Delbury Quarry, Shropshire, UK. A. Holotype, NMW 2019.21G.2.3, ramose colony form (A1), thick mesozooecia walls connected by diaphragms, continue cystose shape of earlier growth (A2). B. NMW 2019.21G.2.4, autozooecia rounded in cross-section, some irregularly shaped.

Fig. 4 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity

Fig. 4. Thin section of trepostome bryozoan Homotrypa cochlea sp. nov. from Upper Leintwardine Formation, Ludfordian, upper Ludlow; Delbury Quarry, Shropshire, UK. Holotype, NMW 2019.21G.2.3, bryozoan colony encrusting gastropod shell and developing ramose form at shell aperture.

Fig. 2 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity

Fig. 2. Trepostome bryozoan Homotrypa cochlea sp. nov. from Upper Leintwardine Formation; Ludfordian, upper Ludlow, Silurian; Delbury Quarry, Shropshire, UK. A. NMW 2019.21G.7.1, bryozoan encrusting the surface of a gastropod shell. B. NMW 2019.21G.33, bryozoan encrusting the surface of a gastropod shell but not growing across aperture.

Fig. 1 in Trepostome bryozoans encrusting Silurian gastropods: A taphonomic window and its implications for biodiversity

Fig. 1. Map showing the location and geological setting (asterisk) of Delbury Quarry in Shropshire, UK (amended from https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/ map/geology and https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os; accessed 05/08/21).

Fig. 19. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 19. Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926, metatarsal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each 1st–5th toe. F. Length after being normalized by the metatarsal length for all the measured toes. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mt, metatarsals; p1–p5, phalanges.

Fig. 15 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 15. Metacarpal length measured in each manus (A, B) and pes (C, D) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865 (A, C) and Hovasaurus boulei Piveteau, 1926 (B, D). Each line represents the hand or foot of one specimen. Number of samples (N) is shown in each figure. Black dashed line represents the empirical proportions followed for the mesosaur metatarsals: mt(n) = mt(1) + n/4 where mt(1) is the measure of the metatarsal I. Metapodium is represented in the upper left corner of each figure (see Figs. 1, 2). Abbreviations: CI–CV, metacarpals; TI–TV, metatarsals.

Fig. 18. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 18. Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, metatarsal and phalanx measurements. A–E. Metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each 1st–5th toe. Black dashed line represents the empirical curves pn = mt/(n+1) and red dotted lines represent the empirical curve pn = mt/[(n+1)*1.2] for the largest and smallest measured toe, where mt is the length of the metatarsal and pn is the length of the n-th phalanx. F. Lengths are normalized by the metatarsal length for all the measured toes. Black line shows the mean normalized length, black dash-dotted lines represent the 2σ interval. Red dotted line represents the empirical curve pn = mt/[(n+1)*1.2]. The number of individuals measured (N) is indicated in the upper corner of each graph. Abbreviations: mt, metatarsals; p1–p5, phalanges.

Fig. 20. A–E in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 20. A–E. Stacked bar diagram of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, digits analysed (1st–5th toe, respectively), arranged by metatarsal size. Each bar represents the metatarsal and phalanx lengths measured in each specimen. First specimen in the plots is the unborn mesosaur specimen (FC-DPV 2504, Piñeiro et al. 2012a).

Fig. 10 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 10. Relationships between length of selected skeleton parts of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. A. Relationships between vertebral mean length vs. skull length. Drawings (B, C, H, J, L, M, N, P) represent ontogenic stages of the specimens following Piñeiro et al. (2016); lettering consistent with Fig. 9, see also Fig. 12. B, AMNH 23799; C, SMF-R4513-young; H, SMF-R 4934; J, PIMUZ A-III 591; L, GP/2E 6519-E; M, PF IPL 220011/04 770; N, GP/2E 6519- A; P, SMF-R 4528. Specimens H, M, P were previously analysed by Piñeiro et al. (2016). 95% confidence interval is shown in each plot. B. Relationships between vertebral mean length vs. femur length with its 3σ interval. C. Relationships between skull length vs. stylopodium (zeugopodial) length.

Fig. 11 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 11. Structure of the carpus of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865, in presumed subadult and adult specimens from Iratí Formation, Paraná, Brazil,? lower Permian (A–C) and Griquas region of southern Africa,?lower Permian (D). A, B. Manus of sub-adult SMF-R 4492 (A) and young adult SMF-R 4528 (B). In B five bones can be seen in the proximal carpal series, including a small ossified radiale close to the lateral centrale. Four bones (and perhaps an incipiently ossified very small dc5) are preserved in the distal series. C. Manus of SMF-R 4710, right (C1, C2) and left (C3, C4), a more mature specimen, →

Fig. 6 in Isometry in mesosaurs: Implications for growth patterns in early amniotes

Fig. 6. Length vs. width relationships in different hindlimb bones bones (A, femur; B, fibula; C, tibia; D, metatarsal; E, astragalus; F, calcaneum) of Mesosaurus tenuidens Gervais, 1865. The measured bone and the measurements taken are indicated in the upper left corner of each figure (see Fig. 1). Statistical parameters are indicated in Fig. 4.