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FIG. 1 in A skull of Machairodus Kaup, 1833 (Felidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and its place in the evolution of the genus

FIG. 1. — Machairodus giganteus (Wagner, 1848), HD-9196: A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, caudal view; E, stereo view of upper teeth; F, section of the broken right canine. Scale bar: A-C, 10 cm; D, E, 5 cm.

APPENDIX 1 in A skull of Machairodus Kaup, 1833 (Felidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and its place in the evolution of the genus

APPENDIX 1. — Supplementary data: 3D reconstruction of the Machairodus giganteus cranium from Hadjidimovo, HD-9196. The reconstruction in available in PLY version (http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/documents/en/geodiversitas2020v42a9_s1_machairodus_source.ply_.zip; c. 15 MB) and PDF (http:// sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/documents/en/geodiversitas2020v42a9_s1_machairodus_textured.pdf; c. 25 MB).

FIG. 4 in A skull of Machairodus Kaup, 1833 (Felidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and its place in the evolution of the genus

FIG. 4. — Scatterplot of upper canine length vs width in Machairodus Kaup, 1833 and Homotherium Fabrini, 1890 (blue and purple dots), in mm. In all scatterplots, the line joins the minimum, mean, and maximum values of Batallones-1 (Antón et al. 2004). Additional data from: Ballésio 1963; Beaumont 1975, 1988; Bonis 1976, 1994; Chang 1957; Collings 1972; Ficcarelli 1979; Geraads et al. 2004; Ginsburg et al. 1981; Hendey 1974; Kurtén 1978; Madurell-Malapeira et al. 2014; Melentis 1967; Monescillo et al. 2014; Morlo & Semenov 2004; Pei 1934; Qiu et al. 2004, 2008; Roussiakis & Theodorou 2003; Sardella & Iurino 2012; Scharapov 1996; Schmidt-Kittler 1976; Senyürek 1957; Sotnikova 1992; Spassov et al. 2018; Teilhard 1939; Vekua 1972; Zdansky 1924, and personal measurements.

FIG. 11 in A skull of Machairodus Kaup, 1833 (Felidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and its place in the evolution of the genus

FIG. 11. — Scatterplot of p4 length vs m1 length. Data as for Figures 4 to 9, plus: Werdelin & Lewis 2013; Monguillon-Douillet 2000.

FIG. 2 in A skull of Machairodus Kaup, 1833 (Felidae, Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and its place in the evolution of the genus

FIG. 2. — Orientation of the orbits in HD-9196 and LCTF. The values (in degrees) are those of the dihedral angle between the planes of the left and right orbits, defined by plotting the lowermost, uppermost, and anteriormost points of each orbit in space (this slightly differs from twice the convergence angle of Casares- Hidalgo et al. 2019, who used the most posterior point of orbit instead of the lowermost one). Although the accuracy is only moderate because these points are not very precisely defined, the general picture clearly shows less frontally oriented orbits in Machairodus Kaup, 1833 than in most LCTF. Dinofelis Zdansky, 1924 is an estimate for a cast of D. cristata (Falconer & Cautley, 1836), NHMUK M32148.

Figure 43 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figure 43 Phylogeny of the cosmopolitan leafmining clade of Heliozelidae, part of fig. 1 in Milla et al. (2019) (Maximum likelihood phylogeny generated using iq-tree, topology from filtered_nt123 analysis). 'Antispila' Group II replaced by Aspilanta, branch supports removed and numbers of possible apomorphies added; see text.

Figure 44 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figure 44 Neighbor-Joining tree of COI barcodes of Aspilanta species, including Nearest Neighbours. Several species of Coptodisca serve as outgroup. Data with country, and for Canada and United States also the abbreviation for Province or State, plus the BIN number.

Figures 34-42 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 34-42 Aspilanta species, larval morphology, final feeding instar (4th) and non-feeding instar (5th, 36). 34A. ampelopsifoliella, ventral aspect, ethanol preserved larva, RMNH.INS.18672P 35A. viticordifoliella, ventral aspect, ethanol preserved larva, RMNH.INS.18509P 36A. argentifera, head capsule, RMNH.INS.18566P 37–39A. ampelopsifoliella, head and thorax, resp. focussed at mid levels (head only), dorsally and ventrally, RMNH.INS.18672P 40A. oinophylla, head and thorax, RMNH.INS.18394P 41A. ampelopsifoliella, last 3 abdominal segments, dorsal aspect, RMNH.INS.18672P 42A. oinophylla, last 3 abdominal segments, ventral aspect, RMNH.INS. 18394P. Scale bars: 1 mm (34, 35), 100 μm (36, 37, 41, 42), 200 μm (38–40).

Figures 29-33 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 29-33 Aspilanta species, female genitalia. 29A. argentifera, RMNH.INS.25019 30A. oinophylla, RMNH.INS.24211. 31–33 Tip of oviscapt: 31A. argentifera, RMNH.INS.25019 32A. oinophylla, RMNH.INS.24211 33A. ampelopsifoliella, RMNH.INS.15220. Scale bars: 200 μm (29, 30); 50 μm (31–33).

Figures 21-28 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 21-28 Aspilanta species, male genitalia. 21A. oinophylla, phallus separate, RMNH.INS.23920 22A. ampelopsifoliella, phallus in situ, RMNH.INS.24376 23A. hydrangaeella, phallus in situ, RMNH.INS.25192 24A. voraginella, phallus separate, holotype, slide EJvN 3916 25 ditto, detail of transtilla 26A. oinophylla, detail valva (flattened), RMNH.INS.15247 27, 28A. hydrangaeella, RMNH.INS.25190, details of resp. tegumen and valvae. Scale bars: 100 μm.

Figures 14-20 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 14-20 Aspilanta oinophylla, adult (male) morphology, RMNH.INS.24440. 14, 15 Head, anterior and posterior views 16, 17 Detail of mouthparts, anterior and posterior views; m = mandible 18 Detail of flagellomeres, middle part of antenna, showing scale sockets of two scale rings per flagellomere 19 Forewing, underside, detail of retinaculum 20 Prothorax with forelegs. Scale bars: 100 μm, 200 μm (20).

Figures 9-11 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 9-11 Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 9A. oinophylla, male, veins labelled, RMNH.INS.24257 10A. hydrangaeella, female, RMNH.INS.25191 11A. ampelopsifoliella, male, RMNH.INS.24376. Scale bars: 500 μm.

Figures 12-13 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 12-13 Aspilanta species, denuded wings, showing venation. 12A. voraginella, male, RMNH.INS.23917 13A. argentifera, male, RMNH.INS.23917. Scale bars: 500 μm.

Figures 97-106 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 97-106 Aspilanta viticordifoliella, leafmines, larvae and shields on Parthenocissus quinquefolia and P. vitacea (104). 97, 99, 100, 105, 106 MA, Northampton, 13.ix.2013, CSE, 105 shows the left mine of 100, 106 showing flat shield to distinguish it from Antispila species 98 VT, Williston, 28.viii.2016, CSE 101 MA, Great Barrington, 16.ix.2017, CSE 102, 103 VT, Button Bay SP, 16.ix.2011, EvN2011254–2 104 QC, Aylmer, 23.viii.2015, EvN2015160.

Figures 88-96 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 88-96 Aspilanta argentifera, leafmines, larvae and shields. 88 NC, Laurinburg, 27.ix.2016, Morella cerifera, CSE 89 MA, Northfield, 26.x.2015, Comptonia peregrina, CSE 90 VT, Chickering Bog, 6.ix.2015, Myrica gale, EvN2015222, showing wilted leaf tip 91, 96 MA, Erving, 27.x.2014, Comptonia peregrina, CSE1557 92, 93 MA, Nantucket, Radar Hill, 15.xi.2015, Morella caroliniensis, CSE2398, same mine at different stages 94 MA, Stockbridge, 16.vii.2017, Myrica gale CSE4096, showing very long linear portion directly along midrib 95 MA, Nantucket, UMass field station, 5.xi.2017, Morella caroliniensis, CSE4546.

Figures 80-87 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 80-87 Aspilanta from SW USA, leafmines, larvae and shields on Vitis arizonica. 80, 81A. voraginella, AZ, Cochise Co., 3.viii.2019, photographs by Laura Gaudette 82, 83A. voraginella, US, Zion National Park (type locality), 22.vii.2008, lighting from resp,. above and beneath mines, photographs by Noah Charney 84–87Aspilanta "Vitis.arizonica_USA", AZ, Cochise Co., 11.xi.2012, CSE–L141.

Figures 59-68 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 59-68 Aspilanta hydrangaeella, leafmines, larvae and shields, on Hydrangea arborescens. 59, 60, 64 GA, Chattahoochee NF, 14.x.2010, EvN2010279 61, 63, 68 OH, South Bloomingville, 13.ix.2012, CSE, (61=RMNH.INS.29601) 62 OH, Crane Hollow, 5.viii.2016, CSE 65–67 NC, Great Smoky Mts NP, 28.ix.2010, EvN2010073.

Figures 69-79 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 69-79 Aspilanta ampelopsifoliella, leafmines, larvae and shields, on Parthenocissus quinquefolia. 69, 74 VT, Williston, 28.viii.2016, CSE3764 (same mine) 70, 76–78 MA, Pelham, 30.viii, 4.ix.2013, CSE1102, 1108 71 MA, Nantucket, Squam Swamp, 7.ix.2011, CSE-C4 72 MA, Northfield, 16.ix.2016, CSE 73 MA, Nantucket, Stump Pond, 5.ix.2019, CSE 75 VT, Button Bay SP, 16.ix.2011, EvN2011254 79 MA, Bridgewater, 16.viii.2013, CSE983.

Figures 51-58 from: van Nieukerken EJ, Eiseman CS (2020) Splitting the leafmining shield-bearer moth genus Antispila Hübner (Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae): North American species with reduced venation placed in Aspilanta new genus, with a review of heliozelid morphology. ZooKeys 957: 105-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.957.53908

Figures 51-58 Aspilanta oinophylla, leafmines, larvae and shields. 51, 52 GA, Chattahoochee NF, 14.x.2010, type locality, Vitis aestivalis, EvN2010266 53, 56 MA, Northfield, 13.ix.2016, V. riparia, CSE 54, 58 TN, Great Smoky Mts NP, 2.x.2010, V. vulpina, EvN2010119 55, 57 VT, Button Bay SP, 16.ix.2011, V. riparia, EvN2011253.