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FIGS. 173–189. Brunsonia spp. Figs. 173–179. Brunsonia chelanomagna. Fig. 173. Right anterior gonopod, lateral view. Fig. 174. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 175–179. Male legs 3–7, respectively. Figs. 180, 181. Brunsonia selwayana. Fig. 180. Right anterior gonopod, posteriolateral view. Fig. 181. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 182–189. Brunsonia benewah. Fig. 182. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 183 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIGS. 173–189. Brunsonia spp. Figs. 173–179. Brunsonia chelanomagna. Fig. 173. Right anterior gonopod, lateral view. Fig. 174. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 175–179. Male legs 3–7, respectively. Figs. 180, 181. Brunsonia selwayana. Fig. 180. Right anterior gonopod, posteriolateral view. Fig. 181. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 182–189. Brunsonia benewah. Fig. 182. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 183. Tip of left anterior gonopod, posterior view. Fig. 184. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 185–189. Male legs 3–7, respectively.

FIGS. 141–143. Brunsonia pulchra. Fig. 141. Posterior gonopod coxites, posterior view. Fig. 142. Right anterior gonopod, lateral view. Fig. 143 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIGS. 141–143. Brunsonia pulchra. Fig. 141. Posterior gonopod coxites, posterior view. Fig. 142. Right anterior gonopod, lateral view. Fig. 143. Detail of left anterior gonopod, mesal view.

FIGS. 121–135. Brunsonia albertana. Figs. 121–126. Form from Spokane, Washington. Fig. 121. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 122. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 123–127. Male legs 3–7, respectively. Figs. 128–135 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIGS. 121–135. Brunsonia albertana. Figs. 121–126. Form from Spokane, Washington. Fig. 121. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 122. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 123–127. Male legs 3–7, respectively. Figs. 128–135. Form from Umatilla Co., Oregon. Fig. 128. Left anterior gonopod, posterior view. Fig. 129. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 130–135. Male legs 3–7, respectively.

FIGS. 109–112. Karagama ladybird and Bollmanella bombus. Figs. 109, 110. Karagama ladybird. Fig. 109. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 110. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 111, 112. Bollmanella bombus. Fig. 111. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 112 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIGS. 109–112. Karagama ladybird and Bollmanella bombus. Figs. 109, 110. Karagama ladybird. Fig. 109. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 110. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 111, 112. Bollmanella bombus. Fig. 111. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 112. Right posterior gonopod, posterior view.

FIG. 89–99. Ovaskella spp. Figs. 89–91. Ovaskella ovaskae. Fig. 89. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 90. Left posterior gonopod, posterior view. Fig. 91. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 92–99. Ovaskella sinuosa. Fig. 92. Right anterior gonopod, posterior view. Fig. 93. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Fig. 94 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIG. 89–99. Ovaskella spp. Figs. 89–91. Ovaskella ovaskae. Fig. 89. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 90. Left posterior gonopod, posterior view. Fig. 91. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 92–99. Ovaskella sinuosa. Fig. 92. Right anterior gonopod, posterior view. Fig. 93. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Fig. 94. Tip of right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 95–99. Male legs 3–7, respectively.

FIGS. 30–44. Taiyutyla amicitia and Calityla siskiyou. Figs. 30–36. Taiyutyla amcitia. Fig. 30. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 31. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 32–36. Male legs 3–7, respectively. Figs. 37–44. Calityla siskiyou. Fig. 37. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 38. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Fig. 39 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIGS. 30–44. Taiyutyla amicitia and Calityla siskiyou. Figs. 30–36. Taiyutyla amcitia. Fig. 30. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 31. Left posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 32–36. Male legs 3–7, respectively. Figs. 37–44. Calityla siskiyou. Fig. 37. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 38. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Fig. 39. Tip of right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 40–44. Male legs 3–7, respectively.

FIGS. 100–104. Ovaskella ovaskae and Vancouvereuma shawi. Figs. 100, 101. Ovaskella sinuosa. Fig. 100. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 101. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 102–104. Vancouvereuma shawi. Fig. 102. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 103. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Fig. 104 in The millipede family Conotylidae in northwestern North America, with a complete bibliography of the family (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Heterochordeumatidea, Conotyloidea)

FIGS. 100–104. Ovaskella ovaskae and Vancouvereuma shawi. Figs. 100, 101. Ovaskella sinuosa. Fig. 100. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 101. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Figs. 102–104. Vancouvereuma shawi. Fig. 102. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. Fig. 103. Right posterior gonopod coxite, posterior view. Fig. 104. Posterior gonopods, posterior view.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Map-projected time-lapse of zebrafish left-right somite formation

Zebrafish embryos in their chorions were imaged from 6 angles in a multiview light sheet microscope. The imaging was started 10 hours post fertilization and was performed for about 4 to 5 hours at a frame interval of 5 min. The resulting images were fused using FIJI, followed by nuclei detection in the fused images and map projection. This data set contains map projected time-lapses of 6 utr::mcherry transgenic embryos. Utrophin binds to actin filaments and was used as a somite boundary marker. The pixel size varies spatially in a map as well as across different projection layers in a single time-lapse. The corresponding Map_pixel_size mat file for each time-lapse contains respective pixel sizes.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Licence to share: how Creative Commons brought clarity to the digital rights and enabled fair content reuse across the web.

CC 0, CC BY or CC BY-NC-SA? We talked to Cable Green, the interim CEO and Director of Open Education at Creative Commons. Cable explained the rationale behind the licenses on digital work and provided us with a practical guide to how to use these. Further on, we ventured into the world of Open Education and how it is empowered by Creative Commons licensing. And yes - we did also talk about Covid-19 and how it is changing the way we think about open access and collaboration. Episode links: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/">https://creativecommons.org/</a>

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Right ventricular contractility and load in HIV associated pulmonary hypertension

Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are at risk of developing pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, but understanding of the relationship of RV function to afterload (RV-PA coupling) is limited. We evaluated the clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated PH. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with a diagnosis of HIV undergoing right heart catheterization (RHC) from 2000-2016 in a tertiary care center. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of HIV, age ≥ 18 years and availability of RHC data. PH was classified as either pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; mean pulmonary arterial pressure [mPAP] ≥ 25mmHg with pulmonary artery wedge pressure [PAWP] ≤ 15mmHg) or pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH; mPAP ≥ 25mmHg with PAWP > 15). We collected demographics, CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, RHC and echocardiographic data. The single beat method was used to calculate RV-PA coupling from RHC. Results: Sixty-two PLWH with a clinical likelihood for PH underwent RHC. Thirty-two (52%) met PH criteria (15 with PAH, 17 with PVH). Average time from diagnosis of HIV to diagnosis of PH was 11 years. Eleven of 15 individuals with PAH were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) while all 17 patients with PVH were on ART. Compared to PLWH without PH, those with PH had an increased likelihood of having a detectable HIV viral load and lower CD4 cell counts. PLWH with PAH or PVH had increased RV afterload with normal RV contractility, and preserved RV-PA coupling. Conclusion: PLWH with PH (PAH or PVH) were more likely to have a detectable HIV viral load and lower CD4 count at the time of RHC. PLWH with PAH or PVH had increased RV afterload, normal RV contractility, with preserved RV-PA coupling suggestive of an early onset, mild, and compensated form of PH. These results should be confirmed in larger studies.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURES 90, 91. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Valva. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Phallus. 90 in New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)

FIGURES 90, 91. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Valva. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Phallus. 90. Synemon victoriae sp. n., paratypes (genitalia slides 16579, 16580) (ANIC). 91. Synemon directa (genitalia slides 11807, 11851) (ANIC).

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURES 19, 20. Synemon sophia. 19. Male genitalia, a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d in New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)

FIGURES 19, 20. Synemon sophia. 19. Male genitalia, a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus (genitalia slides sl1, sl2) (AMS). 20. Female genitalia. a. Distal part. b. Anterior part. c. Segment 8, ostium, ductus bursae and corpus bursae (genitalia slide sl3) (AMS).

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

FIGURES 31, 32. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus. 31 in New and little-known sun-moth species from Australia (Lepidoptera, Castniidae)

FIGURES 31, 32. Synemon species, male genitalia. a. Unrolled. b. Lateral view, right valva removed. c. Valva. d. Phallus. 31. Synemon crocea sp. n., paratypes (genitalia slides 11855, 11856) (ANIC). 32. Synemon catocaloides (genitalia slides 11778, 11779) (ANIC).

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Cultural keystone species revisited: are we asking the right questions?

The cultural keystone species theory predicts plant species that are culturally important, play a role in resource acquisition, fulfil a psycho-socio-cultural function within a given culture, have high use-value, have an associated naming and terminology in a native language, and a high level of species irreplaceability qualify for cultural keystone species designation. This theory was proposed as a framework for understanding relationships between human societies and species that are integral to their culture. A greater understanding of the dynamic roles of cultural keystones in both ecosystem processes and cultural societies is a foundation for facilitating biocultural conservation. Given such important direct conservation implications of the cultural keystone species theory, we reviewed the use of this theoretical framework across the literature to identify new directions for research. Most studies often emphasized the role of cultural keystones species in human societies but failed to provide a direct test of the theory and underemphasized their potential roles in ecosystem processes. To date, 4.4% of studies that mentioned cultural keystone species provided a direct test of the theory, whereas 47.4% have cited or applied keystone designation to a given species without a direct test of the theory. Studies that tested the cultural keystone species theory primarily occurred in North America. Few studies testing the cultural keystone species theory occurred in Australia and Europe with none occurring in Africa. Most cultural keystone species have been designated as such qualitatively based on researcher subjectivity while other studies have designated keystone species with quantitative indices of cultural importance, often incorporating researcher biases or measuring a few of the cultural keystone status predictors rather than all of them, indicating a lack of consensus in identifying cultural keystone species. Thus, we pose the need for a paradigm shift toward the development of serious and systematic approaches for keystone designation.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURES 34–39. Male genital structures. 34, 35.—Left paramere. 36, 37.—Right paramere. 38, 39.—Endophallus. 34, 36, 38.—Valdasus favrei n in Review of the genus Valdasus Stål, 1860 (Heteroptera, Miridae, Cylapinae), with descriptions of four new species from Brazil, Ecuador and French Guiana

FIGURES 34–39. Male genital structures. 34, 35.—Left paramere. 36, 37.—Right paramere. 38, 39.—Endophallus. 34, 36, 38.—Valdasus favrei n. sp. 35, 37, 39.—Valdasus ferrerai n. sp. Scale = 0.1 mm.

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DragonDrop: passive dynamics and control strategies of aerial righting in the dragonfly

Dragonflies perform dramatic aerial manoeuvres when hunting prey or chasing rivals but glide leisurely with wings virtually fixed. This makes dragonflies a great system to explore how to minimize the trade-off between manoeuvrability and stability. We challenged the dragonfly by dropping it from selected inverted attitudes and digitised the 6-degrees-of-freedom aerial recovery kinematics via custom motion capture techniques. From these kinematic data we then performed rigid-body inverse dynamics to reconstruct the forces and torques involved in the righting behaviour. We found that inverted dragonflies typically recover themselves with the shortest rotation from the initial body inclination. Additionally, they exhibited a strong tendency to pitch up with their head leading out of the manoeuvre. Surprisingly, anaesthetised dragonflies could also complete the aerial righting. Such passive righting disappears in recently dead dragonflies but can be partially recovered by waxing their wings to mimic the wing posture of the anesthetised dragonflies. Our inverse dynamics model and wind tunnel experiments support the idea that certain wing postures readily provide stability and may explain the dragonfly's rotational preference. This work demonstrates for the first time that aerodynamically stable body configuration exists in gliding insects, and an active insect can leverage this passive stability as needed.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

FIGS. 1–4. Amplaria nazinta, A. crawfordi. Figs. 1–3. Amplaria nazinta. Fig. 1. Rings 8 and 9, lateral view. Fig. 2. Gonopods, anterior view. Fig. 3. Legpair 9, anterior view. Fig. 4. A. crawfordi, right leg 9 in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. II. New records and species of the genus Amplaria Chamberlin, 1941 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)

FIGS. 1–4. Amplaria nazinta, A. crawfordi. Figs. 1–3. Amplaria nazinta. Fig. 1. Rings 8 and 9, lateral view. Fig. 2. Gonopods, anterior view. Fig. 3. Legpair 9, anterior view. Fig. 4. A. crawfordi, right leg 9, anterior view.

FIGS. 25–28. Amplaria arcata, A. baughi. Figs. 25, 26. Amplaria arcata. Fig. 25. Right gonopod. posterior view. Fig. 26. Gonopods, posterior view. Figs. 27. 28. A. baughi. Fig. 27 in The millipede family Striariidae Bollman, 1893. II. New records and species of the genus Amplaria Chamberlin, 1941 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)

FIGS. 25–28. Amplaria arcata, A. baughi. Figs. 25, 26. Amplaria arcata. Fig. 25. Right gonopod. posterior view. Fig. 26. Gonopods, posterior view. Figs. 27. 28. A. baughi. Fig. 27. Collum and second ring, dorsal view. Fig. 28. Gonopods, posterior view.

FIGURE 182. Right rear leg tibia S. vicinus showing 3 in Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea:Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus

FIGURE 182. Right rear leg tibia S. vicinus showing 3 outer (left photo) and 3 inner (right photo) spines.

FIGURE 128. Right rear hind leg tibia holotype S. saltillo with 5 in Generic relationships of New World Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatoidea:Stenopelmatinae), including all known species of Stenopelmatus

FIGURE 128. Right rear hind leg tibia holotype S. saltillo with 5 (1 small, arrow) inner (left photo) and 3 outer (right photo) spines.