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Figure 3 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 3. Tadpoles of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a–c) Sequence of a tadpole ingesting atmospheric air from bubbles. Tadpoles swam quickly to the surface of the water, captured an atmospheric air bubble and released it shortly after sinking to the bottom of the puddle. (d) Tadpoles foraged in any substrate in the ponds: under leaves, branches, and rocks. (e) Tadpole alive in the aquarium and (g) post-metamorphic.

Figure 4 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 4. Reproductive behaviour of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira observed in Reserva das Araucárias, municipality of São José dos Campos, São Francisco Xavier subdistrict, state of São Paulo, Brazil. (a) Individual 30 of P. mantiqueira vocalising at the reproductive site: a small pond (3 cm deep) under a rocky outcrop. (b) Axillary amplexus of unidentified individuals. Note the female's darker colour pattern and larger body size. (c) Egg clutch with six eggs. (d) Tadpoles of P. mantiqueira in the puddle; (e) the same puddle with the spawning and the male of Bokermannohyla luctuosa.

Figure 6 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 6. Rose diagram representing the occurrence of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira throughout the year. The length and direction of the arrow indicate the amount of data concentration throughout the year, showing that the highest occurrence concentration is distributed in the rainy season. The solid circle in the centre of the diagram indicates the Rayleigh confidence interval for the length of the arrow.

Figure 2 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 2. External morphology of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira tadpoles at stage 40: (a) lateral; (b) dorsal; and (c) ventral view (scale bar = 5 mm). (d) Detail of spiracular aperture, with yellow arrows indicating neuromasts (scale bar = 0.5 mm). (e) Right nare with an elevated marginal rim (scale bar = 0.1 mm). (f) Vent tube (scale bar = 0.2 mm). (g) Open oral disc (scale bar = 0.2 mm). Tadpoles were stained with methylene blue to highlight structures.

Figure 5 in Filling the knowledge gaps of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira (Anura: Leptodactylidae): tadpole, acoustic repertoire, and life history traits

Figure 5. Call repertoire of Paratelmatobius mantiqueira. (a) The advertisement call is composed of pulsed notes, with varied pulse intervals (voucher specimen ZUEC-AMP 24836). Generally, a shorter pulse interval was observed at the beginning and ending of the notes. (b) While in antiphony, the advertisement call had an increase in call rate due to a reduction in intercall duration, notes per call, and internote duration. (c) The release call was composed of pulsed notes and had a visible harmonic structure. (d) The aggressive call had a high number of pulses per note and variable pulse interval.

FIGURE 8 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 8. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of seven species of Sanctipalustris clade based on the ratio of SVL to HW, HL, SL, EL, FLL, HAL, FL, TL and FOL of male individuals. Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. forms a distinct cluster in the fourth quadrant of the graph. Loadings for Linear Discriminants of axes 1, 2 and 3 are given in Table 5.

FIGURE 10 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 10. Box plot of dominant frequency (Hz) in N. vrijeuni (SVL=42.5 mm) and Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. (SVL=41.0 mm and 44.0 mm) call recordings. Temperature and relative humidity information are not available. a. Single note calls (t=7.71, p<0.0001), b. double note calls. calls (t=12.35, p<0.0001).

FIGURE 9 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 9. Amplitude and spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus vrijeuni call record (time frame 500ms). For single note call, -2.0dB was de-amplified using Raven Pro 1.6 a,b - Single note call amplitude and spectrogram; c,d – Double note call- amplitude and spectrogram. Details of the bioacoustical analysis is provided in Table 3.

FIGURE 7 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of seven species of Sanctipalustris clade with Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. forming a distinct cluster. Component loadings are provided in Table 4.

FIGURE 4 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 4. Tadpole (BNHS 6107) of Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. a–Lateral profile of tadpole; b–Dorsal view; c–Ventral view; d–Mouth part. (Scale bar = 5mm).

FIGURE 6. a in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 6. a. Box plot of HW/HL ratio b. Box plot of HW/SVL in male and female individuals of Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov., N. vrijeuni and N. shiradi.

FIGURE 5 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 5. Amplitude and spectrogram of Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. call record (time frame 500ms). a,b - Single note call amplitude and spectrogram; c,d – Double note call- amplitude and spectrogram. Details of the bioacoustical analysis is provided in Table 3.

FIGURE 2 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree for Nyctibatrachus species and an outgroup (Lankanectes corrugatus) based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA and ND1 genes. Numbers above and below the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values, respectively. Bootstrap values less than 50 are indicated with an asterisk.

FIGURE 1 in A new cryptic species of Nyctibatrachus (Amphibia, Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) with description of its tadpole from the central Western Ghats, India

FIGURE 1. Distribution records of Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. along with its sister taxa N. vrijeuni and N. shiradi, Western Ghats, India. Circle with blue dot is N. shiradi, circle with red dot is Nyctibatrachus tunga sp. nov. and circle with black dot is N. vrijeuni.

FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Hylodes perere Silva & Benmaman 2008 (Anura: Hylodidae)

FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Hylodes perere. (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) lateral view, (D) head detail showing the lateral line system, (E) oral disc, (F) labial tooth detail, (G) buccal floor, (H) buccal roof. Putative synapomorphies are represented by ch. 1 (medio-ventral body depression), ch. 2 (submarginal papillae in dorsolateral and ventrolateral areas of the oral disc), and ch. 3 (strongly keratinized jaw sheaths).

FIGURE 76 in Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)

FIGURE 76. As other Central Amazonian tadpole species, Trachycephalus resinifictrix preys voraciously on amphibian eggs. When eggs are not available the diet of T. resinifictrix is based on detritus; algae, plant fragments and arthropod fragments are less common gut contents (A). When available, tadpoles consume as many eggs as possible. Tadpoles below Stage 32 rasp eggs with their keratinized mouthparts. Tadpoles at or above Stage 32 are able to swallow whole eggs with capsules and sometimes jelly. Up to 62 intact eggs, plus digested eggs, have been found in the greatly dilated gut of tadpoles found in treeholes containing freshly laid egg masses (B). In the case of T. resinifictrix, eggs are fertilized and conspecific, and as such the relationship is cannibalistic (Schiesari et al. 2003a).

FIGURE 75 in Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)

FIGURE 75. Number of months of the year in which Central Amazonian terra-firme exotrophic tadpoles are found in water bodies. As above, to minimize the influence of false negatives, for this graph a species is considered present in a given month if actually observed as larva that month, or if observed as larva in the previous and following months (as is the case, for example, of Phyllomedusa bicolor in September in Table 3). Note that one third of all species are found in every month of the year.

FIGURE 74 in Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)

FIGURE 74. Temporal distribution of exotrophic tadpole species richness in Central Amazonian terra-firme rainforests. To minimize the influence of false negatives, for this graph a species is considered present in a given month if actually observed as larva that month, or if observed as larva in the previous and following months (as is the case, for example, of Phyllomedusa bicolor in September in Table 3). Note that the rainiest months (November to May) are represented in the middle of the x-axis.

FIGURE 73 in Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)

FIGURE 73. Frequency distribution of reproductive modes among Central Amazonian anuran amphibians. Classification of reproductive modes defined by Duellman & Trueb (1986) as modified by Haddad & Prado (2005). The reproductive mode of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (fully terrestrial development of exotrophic tadpoles in a foam nest in subterranean nest) is not currently recognized and therefore is marked as an´X´. More detailed information and literature is provided in Table 1.

FIGURE 69 in Tadpoles of Central Amazonia (Amphibia: Anura)

FIGURE 69. Tadpole of Phyllomedusa bicolor (LCS 633) at Stage 37: (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view (scale = 10 mm), and (C) oral disc (scale = 1 mm). (D) Dorsal view of live tadpole and (E) dorsolateral view of newly metamorphosed froglet.