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FIGURE 8. Xipholeptos notoides n. gen. a in A new pygmy squid, Idiosepius hallami n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from eastern Australia and elevation of the southern endemic 'notoides' clade to a new genus, Xipholeptos n. gen.

FIGURE 8. Xipholeptos notoides n. gen. a, female, dorsal view. (Image, K. Hollis, obtained with permission from the Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra.). b, lateral view of head showing skin tag (arrowed), male, AM C.476549, 14.8 mm ML. c, funnel (F) and mantle-locking apparatus (M), male, AM C.476093, 16.8 mm ML. d, male, distal tip of left ventral arm, AM C.456947, 11.3 mm ML. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b, c = 1 mm, d = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Idiosepius hallami n in A new pygmy squid, Idiosepius hallami n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from eastern Australia and elevation of the southern endemic 'notoides' clade to a new genus, Xipholeptos n. gen.

FIGURE 5. Idiosepius hallami n. sp. a, male reproductive tract, AM C.269808, 7.6 mm ML. Abbreviations: AAG, appendix of accessory gland; AG, accessory gland; DDC, distal deferent canal; Go, genital orifice; MG, mucilaginous gland; SG, spermatophoric gland; SS, spermatophore storage sac; T, testis, VD, vas deferens. b, distal end of spermatophore, AM C.477701, 6.0 mm ML. c, female head, ventral view, paratype AM C.269830, 10.0 mm ML, arrow indicates spermatophores attached to head. d, Female paratype reproductive tract (overlying connective tissue partially removed to reveal eggs), AM C.483479, 12.5 mm ML. Abbreviations: A, anus; G, gill; NG, nidamental gland; O, ovary. e, light micrograph image of whole gladius, female paratype, AM C.559076, 13.7 mm ML. Abbreviation: A, anterior. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b = 0.1 mm, c = 1.0 mm, d = 1 mm, e = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new pygmy squid, Idiosepius hallami n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from eastern Australia and elevation of the southern endemic 'notoides' clade to a new genus, Xipholeptos n. gen.

FIGURE 6. Distribution of Australian idiosepiids examined in this study: X. notoides n. gen. grey triangles (solid arrow indicates the type locality); X. sp. solid black squares; I. hallami n. sp. solid black circles (open arrow indicates the type locality); I. pygmaeus (grey circles); I. sp. Lizard Island (black star). Note: Black dot off the eastern Australian coast indicates occurrence of I. hallami n. sp. on Lord Howe Island.

FIGURE 10 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 10. REliEf map sHOWing distributiOn Of Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., and tHE undEscribEd fEmalE Meganannus sp. in PEru. THE insEt sHOWs a clOsE-up viEW Of tHE lOcalitiEs Of Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., in COsta Rica. BOtH lOcalitiEs in COsta Rica arE WitHin tHE IstHmian-Atlantic mOist fOrEst EcOrEgiOn.

FIGURE 9 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 9. COmpOund micrOscOpE imagEs Of malE (A, D; UCR_ENT 00014802) and fEmalE (B, C; UCR_ENT 00014803) Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n. A, AbdOmEn, dOrsal viEW; B, ApEx Of abdOmEn, dOrsal viEW; C, ApEx Of abdOmEn, latEral viEW; D, DissEctEd lEft paramErE, dOrsal viEW.

FIGURE 6 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 6. Scanning ElEctrOn micrOscOpE imagEs Of abdOmEn Of malE Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n. (UCR_ENT 00014807); arrOW pOints tO antEriOr Of bOdy. A, AbdOmEn, dOrsal viEW; B, PygOpHOrE WitH part Of tErgitE 8 appEndagE, vEsica, and rigHt paramErE; dOrsal viEW; C POstEriOr part Of abdOmEn, latEral viEW; D; ApEx Of tErgitE 8 appEndagE, dOrsal viEW; E, Part Of tErgitE 8 appEndagE, vEsica, and basE Of rigHt paramErE; caudOdOrsal viEW; F, ApEx Of pOstEriOr part Of tErgitE 8 appEndagE, dOrsal viEW; G, DEtail Of rigHt paramErE, dOrsal viEW; H, AbdOmEn, latEral viEW; I, AbdOmEn, dOrsOlatEral viEW, sHOWing HEavily cOilEd vEsica.

FIGURE 7 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 7. LinE draWings Of gEnitalia Of malE (UCR_ENT 00014802) and fEmalE (UCR_ENT 00014803) Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n. A, POstEriOr part Of fEmalE abdOmEn, sHOWing dEtails Of spErmatHEca and OvipOsitOr; B, RigHt paramErE, dOrsal viEW; C, LEft paramErE in latEral (lEft) and dOrsal (rigHt) viEW; D AbdOminal sEgmEnts 9 (pygOpHOrE) and 10/ 11 (anOpHOrE and anOpHOric prOcEss); E, TErgitE 8 and tErgitE 8 appEndagE.

FIGURE 8 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 8. COnfOcal micrOscOpE imagEs Of malE Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n. (UCR_ENT 00014802). A, AbdOmEn, dOrsal viEW; B, ApEx Of anOpHOric prOcEss, dOrsal viEW; C, VEsica and basal platEs, dOrsal viEW; D, ApEx Of tErgitE 8 appEndagE.

FIGURE 5 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 5. Scanning ElEctrOn micrOscOpE imagEs Of HEad and tHOrax Of malE Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n. (UCR_ENT 00014807). A, HEad including labium, vEntral viEW; B HEad and tHOrax, vEntrOlatEral viEW; C FOrEtarsus, latEral viEW; D PrEtarsus Of fOrElEg, sHOWing arOlium and basE Of claWs; E, Midtarsus, dOrsal viEW; F Midtarsus, dOrsal viEW, clOsE-up dOcumEnting sErratiOn prOximally On vEntral claW surfacE; G; MEtatHOrax, vEntrOlatEral viEW, dOcumEnting vEstiturE and absEncE Of cOnspicuOus mEtatHOracic scEnt gland EvapOratOry structurEs; H, Hindtarsus, latEral viEW.

FIGURE 4 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 4. VEntral viEW Of fEmalE (A; UCR_ENT 00014803) and malE (B; UCR_ENT 00014806) abdOmEn Of Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., and Hindtibia sHOWing rOW Of capitatE sEtaE.

FIGURE 3 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 3. DEtails Of malE Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., using tHE LEica imaging sEtup (A–D, F; UCR_ENT 00014804) and cOmpOund micrOscOpE (E; UCR_ENT 00014802). A, HEad, frOntal viEW; B HEad and tHOrax, vEntral viEW; C THOrax, latEral viEW; D FOrEWings, dOrsal viEW; E RigHt fOrEWing, dOrsal viEW; F, Midtarsus, latEral viEW.

FIGURE 2 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 2. Habitus Of malE (A–C) and fEmalE (D-F) Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., in dOrsal, vEntral, and latEral viEW and dOrsal and vEntral Habitus viEW Of tHE fEmalE spEcimEn frOm PEru tHat rEprEsEnts a sEcOnd, undEscribEd spEciEs Of Meganannus (G, H).

FIGURE 1 in Giant among dwarfs: Meganannus lewisi, gen. n. and sp. n., a new genus and species of minute litter bugs from Costa Rica (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)

FIGURE 1. Habitus and dEtail imagEs Of ScHizOptEridaE, illustrating cHaractErs usEd in tHE idEntificatiOn kEy tO NEOtrOpical gEnus grOups and gEnEra. A, Rectilamina nr. curvicauda (UCR_ENT 00077032); B, Schizoptera sp. (UCR_ENT 00086126); C, Peloridinannus margaritatus WygOdzinsky (AMNH_IZC 00150355); D, Hoplonannus craneae EmslEy (AMNH_IZC 00150352); E, Guapinannus sp. (UCR_ENT 00115566); F, Peloridinannus stenomargaritatus WEiraucH and FrankEnbErg (UCR_ENT 000082164); G, Chinannus trinitatis WygOdzinsky (UCR_ENT 00086192); H, Schizoptera sp. (UCR_ENT 00027217); I, Hoplonannus sp. (UCR_ENT 00084376); J, Nannocoris sp. (UCR_ENT 00094383); K, Nannocoris sp. (UCR_ENT 00077899).

FIGURE 2. Jainus peruensis n in Two new dactylogyrid species (Dactylogyroidea: Dactylogyridae), gill parasites of freshwater fishes from the Peruvian Amazon, including the proposal of Peruanella n. gen.

FIGURE 2. Jainus peruensis n. sp. from Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz) (Characiformes: Bryconidae). A. Whole mount (composite, ventral view). B. Ventral anchor. C. Dorsal anchor. D. Ventral bar. E. Dorsal bar. F. Hook. G. MCO.

FIGURE 1. Peruanella madredediosensis n in Two new dactylogyrid species (Dactylogyroidea: Dactylogyridae), gill parasites of freshwater fishes from the Peruvian Amazon, including the proposal of Peruanella n. gen.

FIGURE 1. Peruanella madredediosensis n. sp. from Brachyplatystoma tigrinum (Britski) (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae). A. Whole mount (composite, ventral view). B. Ventral anchor. C. Dorsal anchor. D. Ventral bar. E. Dorsal bar. F. Hook. G. MCO. CA: conspicuous alae. VP: Vaginal aperture.

FIGURE 108. Live insects Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 108. Live insects Spinocloidea panamaense gen. n., sp. n.: A. ♀ PT at Valle de Antón, Panamá; B. ♂ PT at Altos de Campana, Panamá.

FIGURE 78. Spinocloidea gen. n in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 78. Spinocloidea gen. n.: A. S. splendida gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view of head, pro- and mesothorax [CEUA, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; B. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, lateral view of head, pro- and mesothorax [coll. FH]; C. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, dorsal view of head, pro- and mesothorax [coll. FH]; D. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, lateral view of head, prothorax [coll. FH]; E. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, lateral view of head, prothorax [ANSP]; F. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, lateral view of head, prothorax [ANSP]; G. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in lateral view [ANSP] (Arrow indicating the tumescent abdominal tergum VII, that is characteristic for this species); H. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [ANSP] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); J. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in ventral view [ANSP]; K. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH]; L. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; M. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); N. S. splendida gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in lateral view [CEUA, © Yeisson Gutiérrez]; O. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); P. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; Q. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment); R. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, terminalia in lateral view [ANSP]; S. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [ANSP]; T. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, terminalia in ventral view [ANSP] (Arrow indication position of stigma VIII at anterior angle of abdominal segment).

FIGURE 77. Spinocloidea gen. n in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 77. Spinocloidea gen. n.: A. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1190–1]; B. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1190–2]; C. S. panamaense gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1190–3]; D. S. magnifica (Hebard, 1923) ♂ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP]; E. S. tumescens gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [ANSP]; F. S. splendida gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsal view [CEUA, © Yeisson Gutiérrez].

FIGURE 47. Parotocrania gen. n in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 47. Parotocrania gen. n.: A. P. dilatipes (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) ♀ (Ecuador, Prov. Napo, Tena, MIsahualli), habitus dorsolateral view [MNHN]; B. P. curvata gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, habitus dorsal view [coll. YB, © Yannick Bellanger]; C. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH]; D. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; E. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH]; F. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in lateral view [MNCN]; G. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, terminalia in ventral view [MNCN]; H. P. curvata gen. n., sp. n. ♂ HT, terminalia in lateral view [ZSMC]; J. P. segmentaria (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMW]; K. P. segmentaria (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ HT, terminalia in dorsal view [NHMW]; L. P. segmentaria (Redtenbacher, 1908) ♂ HT, terminalia in ventral view [NHMW].

FIGURE 46. Parotocrania gen. n in Studies on Neotropical Phasmatodea XXVI: Taxonomic review of Cladomorformia tax. n., a lineage of Diapheromerinae stick insects, with the descriptions of seven new genera and 41 new species (Phasmatodea: Occidophasmata: Diapheromerinae)

FIGURE 46. Parotocrania gen. n.: A. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1190–1]; B. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT green colour form, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1190–6]; C. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT brown colour form, habitus dorsolateral view [coll. FH, No. 1190–2]; D. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, habitus dorsolateral view [NHMUK]; E. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♂ PT, habitus dorsolateral view [MNCN]; F. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in lateral view [coll. FH]; G. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in dorsal view [coll. FH]; H. P. panamae gen. n., sp. n. ♀ PT, terminalia in ventral view [coll. FH]; J. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in lateral view [NHMUK]; K. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, terminalia in ventral view [NHMUK]; L. P. dilatipes (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) ♀, terminalia in lateral view [MNHN]; M. P. dilatipes (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) ♀, terminalia in dorsal view [MNHN]; N. P. dilatipes (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) ♀, terminalia in ventral view [MNHN]; O. P. acutilobata gen. n., sp. n. ♀ HT, intero-lateral view of basal portion of left mesofemur [NHMUK]; P. P. dilatipes (Conle, Hennemann & Gutiérrez, 2011) ♀, intero-lateral view of right miD–leg [MNHN].