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Rapid Electrochemical Detection and Identification of Microbiological and Chemical Contaminants for Manned Spaceflight Project

A great deal of effort has gone into the development of point-of-use methods to meet the challenge of rapid bacterial identification for both environmental monitoring and clinical applications.&nbsp; Unfortunately, most of the methods developed rely on Preliminary Chain Reaction (PCR) and face inherent limitations because of the requirement for enzymatic components and thermal control.&nbsp; Other methods based on surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance, and fluorescence has been reported with good detection limits, but, these methods are immunological and cannot provide genetic-level information.&nbsp; Further, they require labeled markers, complicated fluid handling systems, and sensitive optics that drive up cost and complexity and preclude them from outside the laboratory.&nbsp; Recent work by a group at the University of Toronto has focused on developing an electrochemical platform that combines ultrasensitive detection, straightforward sample processing, and inexpensive components to create a cost-effective, user-friendly device for detection and identification of microorganisms.&nbsp; The platform combines an electrical cell lysis chamber, and electrochemical reporter system, and nanostructured microelectrodes (NMEs) to detect specific nucleic acid sequences.&nbsp; The nucleic acid sequences are unique to a given type of microorganism and can be used to identify the microorganisms present in a sample.From the perspective of the anticipated prototype device &nbsp;(Lam, et al. 2012. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Free, Sample-to-Answer Bacterial Detection in 30 Minutes with Integrated Cell Lysis. Anal. Chem. 84(1): 21-5), detection of microbial contaminants will begin with a lysis chamber designed to release DNA and RNA from microorganisms present in the sample using ultrasonic or electrochemical technology.&nbsp; The DNA and RNA mixture is then passed into an analysis chamber containing an array of nanostructured microelectrodes (NMEs).&nbsp; The surface of the NMEs will be functionalized with probe molecules for DNA or RNA sequences specific to the bacteria being targeted.&nbsp; Binding of the DNA or RNA to the appropriate detection probe on the NME surface in the presence of an electrochemical reporter system will change the electrochemical properties of the NMEs.&nbsp; A potentiostat is used to measure the current at each individual electrode before and after addition of the DNA and RNA mixture.&nbsp; The difference in current before and after addition of the mixture to the NMEs is compared against a pre-determined threshold to check for the presence of target bacteria in the sample.&nbsp; The process for detection of chemical contaminants is very similar.&nbsp; The lysis chamber would be bypassed and the sample would flow directly into the analysis chamber.&nbsp; The NMEs will be functionalized with molecules to selectively bind the desired targets (analytes) and the change in the electrochemical response of each NME can again be used to detect and quantify the contaminants.&nbsp; Depending on the analyte of interest, it may be possible to directly measure analyte binding on the surface of the NMEs without the use of an electrochemical reporter system. The overall project will focus on optimization of the individual aspects of the detection platform in preparation for construction of a prototype for a flight experiment.&nbsp; The scope of the work in this proposal is limited to characterization and optimization of the lysis step/sample preparation, probe selection, and NME structure.&nbsp; Lysis conditions will be optimized by evaluating parameters associated with the oscillation frequency and lysis time for ultrasonic techniques and applied voltage for the electrochemical techniques.&nbsp; Cell viability, as determined by fluorescent detection of DNA or R

Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) Project

The Coiled Brine Recovery Assembly (CoBRA) project will result in a proof-of-concept demonstration for a lightweight, compact, affordable, regenerable and disposable solution to brine water recovery. The heart of CoBRA is an evaporator that produces water vapor from brine. This evaporator leverages a novel design that enables passive transport of brine from place to place within the system. While it will be necessary to build or modify a system for testing the CoBRA concept, the emphasis of this project will be on developing the evaporator itself. This project will utilize a &ldquo;test early, test often&rdquo; approach, building at least one trial evaporator to guide the design of the final product.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Fabrication and Modeling of Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotube Growth on Lightweight Substrates for Multi-Functional Composite Structures Project

&nbsp;Specific objectives are:<ol><li>Develop the fabrication process for producing fuzzy fiber with desired&nbsp;carbon nanotube (CNT) length leveraging current collaboration with MIT through the National Space Technology Fellowship (NSTRF).</li><li>Evaluate fuzzy fiber composites with tailored CNT length</li><li>Develop&nbsp;Boron Nitride Nanotube (BNNT) capabilities to enable incorporation of vertically aligned BNNTs into composite structures for multifunctional composite structures.</li><li>Model nanotube length and loading requirements to maximize transport properties through the resin rich inter-ply region of a composite and verify the model from composite data with different CNT lengths.</li></ol>

A Compact Immersion Grating Spectrometer with Quantum Capacitance Detectors for Space-Borne Far-IR Spectroscopy Project

SPECTROMETER:&nbsp; The grating spectrometer uses a curved grating fabricated on a high resistivity silicon wafer. Light will be coupled in via a silicon immersion lens and coupling waveguide. The wafer profile, including the grating facets are defined by photolithography and deep reactive etching (DRIE) and the wafer is metallized on both sides for better light confinement (except in the regions below where the detector antennas will be placed).&nbsp; The grating both focuses and diffracts the light in the plane of the wafer to a focal arc, where the detectors are positioned. QCD DETECTOR ARRAY: The Quantum Capacitance Detector is a mesoscopic superconducting device that exploits its extreme susceptibility to the presence of quasiparticle excitations arising from pair-breaking radiation to enable background limited detection.&nbsp; QCDs have demonstrated photon noise limited performance&nbsp; at 1.5THz for optical loadings 10-20 to 10-17W.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The detector die will be placed directly on top of the spectrometer wafer and will have an array of QCDs with antennas positioned at the focusing spots of each wavelength.&nbsp; Each detector will be coupled to a superconducting resonator with a different resonant frequency to allow for frequency multiplexing with a single feedline coupling the RF signal to all resonators.&nbsp; A&nbsp; prototype with 32 spectral channels will be demonstrated

U.S. Climate Risk Projections by County, 2040-2049

The U.S. Climate Risk Projections by County, 2040-2049 data set contains a projection for 2040-2049 risk for the entire contiguous U.S. at the county level with a novel climate risk index integrating multiple hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities. Multiple hazards such as weather and climate are characterized as a frequency of heat wave, cold spells, drought, and heavy precipitation events along with anomalies of temperature and precipitation using high resolution (4 km) downscaled climate projections. Exposure is characterized by projections of population, infrastructure, and built surfaces prone to multiple hazards including sea level rise and storm surges. Vulnerability is characterized by projections of demographic groups most sensitive to climate hazards. This approach can guide planners in targeting counties at most risk and where adaptation strategies to reduce exposure or protect vulnerable populations might be best applied.

Auroral Spatial Structures Probe Project

&nbsp; &nbsp;Methodology Fly a high altitude sounding rocket with multiple sub-payloads to measure electric and magnetic fields during an auroral event. Use ground based observations to observe winds and conductivities in the ionosphere. The Auroral Spatial Structures Probe (ASSP) is a NASA sounding rocket mission that, will be used to <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFMSA31A1959S" id="_GPLITA_0" in_rurl="http://i.trkjmp.com/click?v=VVM6MzYxMzI6MjE1NTpzdHVkeTo2M2Y3MDQyYTE2ZTU0YTE5N2Q3OTVmNjk3ZWVhNmQwMjp6LTEwNDEtMTA3NTUzOmFkc2Ficy5oYXJ2YXJkLmVkdTozOTQ1NjpmYTVkMTdiYzQzNjMxMGQxNjJlYTMxYmFmYzZhN2MzMQ" title="Click to Continue &gt; by Text-Enhance">study</a> both the spatial and temporal small scale variation of the E-fields during breakup aurora and geomagnetically active conditions. This will be accomplished through the use of a constellation of small payloads that separate relative to each other throughout a sounding rocket flight. The multiple baseline observations of the electric and magnetic fields will be used to observe variability of both the E-field and the Poynting flux. These observations will be placed in the context of available data, including winds, large scale E-fields, and proxy conductivity (airglow images) observations. In this way we will address the main scientific objective of this mission which is: What are the contributions of small spatial scale and rapid temporal scale fluctuations of electric fields relative to the larger-scale electrodynamic processes? The high altitude rocket will be launched along the magnetic field line and carry six sub-payloads to be ejected from the main payload at high velocity. The sub-payloads will be deployed both along the flight path and perpendicular to the flight path so that both spatial features and temporal-spatial ambiguities can be explored. The low-mass sub-payloads that, for a fixed ejection impulse will achieve at least a 50 km separation by the end of the flight are key to the observational success. Each sub-payload will carry a crossed pair of double-probe sensors to measure in-situ electric fields, a three axis magnetometer, a Langmuir probe and a GPS receiver. In this poster we review the ASSP science and mission concepts. &nbsp; &nbsp;

Convergent Aeronautics Solutions Project

The Convergent Aeronautics Solutions (CAS) Project uses short-duration activities to establish early-stage concept and technology feasibility for high-potential solutions. Internal teams propose ideas for overcoming key barriers associated with large-scale aeronautics problems associated with ARMD&rsquo;s six strategic thrusts. The teams will conduct initial feasibility studies, perform experiments, try out new ideas, identify failures, and try again. At the end of the cycle, a review determines whether the developed solutions have met their goals, established initial feasibility, and identified potential for future aviation impact. During these reviews, the most promising capabilities will be considered for continued development further by other ARMD programs or by direct transfer to the aviation community. In the dynamic environment of new ideas, ARMD also gains significant value from the knowledge gained in activities that do not proceed.In order to enable new capabilities in commercial aviation, the CAS Project&rsquo;s focus is on merging traditional aeronautics disciplines with advancements driven by the non-aeronautics world.&nbsp; The Project will draw on external collaborators to supplement in-house NASA expertise in technologies and disciplines that broadly support advancements in all ARMD strategic thrusts.

Last of the Wild Project, Version 2, 2005 (LWP-2): Global Human Footprint Dataset (Geographic)

The Global Human Footprint Dataset of the Last of the Wild Project, Version 2, 2005 (LWP-2) is the Human Influence Index (HII) normalized by biome and realm. The HII is a global dataset of 1-kilometer grid cells, created from nine global data layers covering human population pressure (population density), human land use and infrastructure (built-up areas, nighttime lights, land use/land cover), and human access (coastlines, roads, railroads, navigable rivers). The dataset in Clarke 1866 Geographic Coordinate System is produced by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).

AirMSPI verison 6 terrain-projected georegistered radiance product acquired during the ImPACT-PM flight campaign

AirMSPI_ImPACT-PM_Terrain-projected_Georegistered_Radiance_Data is an AirMSPI terrain-projected georegistered radiance product acquired during the JPL and Caltech Imaging Polarimetric Assessment and Characterization of Tropospheric Particulate Matter (ImPACT-PM) flight campaign.AirMSPI Level 1B2 products contain radiometric and polarimetric images of clouds, aerosols, and the surface of the Earth. In particular, products contain map-projected data at 8 wavelengths: 355, 380, 445, 470, 555, 660, 865, and 935 nm. The data products include radiance, time, solar zenith, solar azimuth, view zenith, and view azimuth for all spectral bands. Wavelengths for which polarization information is available (470, 660, and 865 nm) and include the Stokes parameters Q and U, as well as degree of linear polarization (DOLP) and angle of linear polarization (AOLP). Q, U, and AOLP are reported relative to both the scattering and view meridian planes. Files are distributed in HDF-EOS-5 format.This release of AirMSPI data contains all targets acquired during the Imaging Polarimetric Assessment and Characterization of Tropospheric Particulate Matter (ImPACT-PM) flight campaign, which involved the ER-2 based out of Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, CA and a Navy Twin Otter flying the Caltech CIRPAS suite of instruments based out of Monterey, CA. The campaign was conducted to test a strategy to use multi-angle, spectro-polarimetric remote sensing to retrieve information on the distributions of atmospheric particle types, with emphasis on carbon-containing compounds, as a precursor to NASA’s Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols, an Earth Venture-Instrument currently in formulation. AirMSPI data were acquired from July 5 through July 8, 2016.

Saildrone 2022 Arctic field campaign for the Multi-Sensor Improved SST (MISST) project

The Saildrone Arctic 2022 dataset presents a unique collection of high-quality, near real-time, multivariate surface ocean, and atmospheric observations obtained through the deployment of Saildrone, an innovative wind and solar-powered uncrewed surface vehicle (USV). Saildrone is capable of extended missions lasting up to 12 months, covering vast distances at typical speeds of 3-5 knots and operates autonomously, relying solely on wind propulsion, while its navigation can be remotely guided from land. The 2022 Saildrone Arctic campaign featured two Saildrone USVs deployed during a 60-day cruise in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, spanning from 18 June 2022 to 17 August 2022. The primary mission objective for 2022 was to gather comprehensive atmospheric and oceanographic data in Alaskan arctic waters, specifically in collaboration with the Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO; https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/dbo/; https://dbo.cbl.umces.edu/). Please see the cruise report: https://archive.podaac.earthdata.nasa.gov/podaac-ops-cumulus-docs/insitu/open/L2/saildrone/docs/Saildrone_2022_Arctic_Cruise_Report.pdf During the Arctic campaign, Saildrones SD-1041 and SD-1046 undertook distinct trajectories to cover designated areas. SD-1041 traversed repeat transects from Point Hope, AK southwestward to near the International Date Line, following DBO line #3 (https://dbo.cbl.umces.edu/images/Frey_DBOmap_IceEdge2022.png). In contrast, SD-1046 ventured northward to DBO line #4 and, upon sea ice retreat, proceeded further north to DBO line #5. Each Saildrone was equipped with a suite of instruments to measure various parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, surface skin temperature, wind speed and direction, wave height and period, seawater temperature and salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, both vehicles utilized 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) to measure near-surface currents. Seven temperature data loggers positioned vertically along the hull enhanced understanding of thermal variability near the ocean surface.The Saildrone Arctic 2022 dataset, part of the Multi-sensor Improved Sea-Surface Temperature (MISST) project, encompasses three netCDF format files for each deployed Saildrone. The first file integrates saildrone platform telemetry and surface observational data at 1-minute temporal resolution including key parameters such as air temperature, sea surface skin, and bulk temperatures, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll-a concentrations, barometric pressure, and wind speed and direction. The second file focuses on ADCP current vector data, providing depth-resolved information to 100m at 2m intervals and binned temporally at 5-minute resolution. The third file includes temperature logger measurements at various depths at 1-minute resolution. This project, funded by NASA through the National Ocean Partnership Program (NOPP), demonstrates a commitment to advancing scientific understanding of the Arctic environment through innovative and autonomous observational technologies.

Bermuda Bio-Optics Project (BBOP)

The Bermuda Bio-Optics Project (BBOP) is a long term study of the factors contributing to the regulation of the underwater light field in the open ocean and the resulting biogeochemical impact. These studies are done, on average, once a month in conjunction with the Bermuda-Atlantic Time Series (BATS) in the Sargasso Sea.

General Mission Analysis Tool Project

OverviewGMAT is a feature rich system containing high fidelity space system models, optimization and targeting, built in scripting and programming infrastructure, and customizable plots, reports and data products, to enable flexible analysis and solutions for custom and unique applications. GMAT can be driven from a fully featured, interactive GUI or from a custom script language. Here are some of GMAT&rsquo;s key features broken down by feature group.Dynamics and Environment Modelling<ul><li>High fidelity dynamics models including harmonic gravity, drag, tides, and relativistic corrections</li><li>High fidelity spacecraft modeling</li><li>Formations and constellations</li><li>Impulsive and finite maneuver modeling and optimization</li><li>Propulsion system modeling including tanks and thrusters</li><li>Solar System modeling including high fidelity ephemerides, custom celestial bodies, libration points, and barycenters</li><li>Rich set of coordinate system including J2000, ICRF, fixed, rotating, topocentric, and many others</li><li>SPICE kernel propagation</li><li>Propagators that naturally synchronize epochs of multiple vehicles and avoid fixed step integration</li><li>and interpolation</li></ul>Plotting, Reporting and Product Generation<ul><li>Interactive 3-D graphics</li><li>Customizable data plots and reports</li><li>Post computation animation</li><li>CCSDS, SPK, and Code-500 ephemeris generation</li></ul>Optimization and Targeting<ul><li>Boundary value targeters</li><li>Nonlinear, constrained optimization</li><li>Custom, scriptable cost functions</li><li>Custom, scriptable nonlinear equality and inequality constraint functions</li><li>Custom targeter controls and constraints</li></ul>Programming Infrastructure<ul><li>User defined variables, arrays, and strings</li><li>User defined equations using MATLAB syntax. (i.e. overloaded array operation)</li><li>Control flow such as If, For, and While loops for custom applications</li><li>Matlab interface</li><li>Built in parameters and calculations in multiple coordinate systems</li></ul>Interfaces<ul><li>Fully featured, interactive GUI that makes simple analysis quick and easy</li><li>Custom scripting language that makes complex, custom analysis possible</li><li>Matlab interface for custom external simulations and calculations</li><li>File interface for the TCOPS Vector Hold</li></ul>

Development of Organic FET (OFET)-Based Flexible Integrated Controller for Deformable Mirrors Project

The goal is to complete process development to make OFET&rsquo;s on flexible substrates compatible with ultra-lightweight deformable mirrors and to demonstrate simplified active device integration process with a functional deformable mirror as a precursor for future integrated circuit development.

Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): National Administrative Boundaries

The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): National Administrative Boundaries are derived from the land area grid to show the outlines of pixels (cells) that contain administrative Units in GRUMPv1 on a per-country/territory basis. They are derived from the pixels as polygons and thus have rectilinear boundaries at a large scale. The polygons that outline the countries and territories are not official representations; rather they represent the area covered by the statistical data as provided. This data set is produced by the Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) in collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), The World Bank, and Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).

High Spectral Resolution, High Cadence, Imaging X-ray Microcalorimeters for Solar Physics - Phase 2 Project

Microcalorimeter x-ray instruments are non-dispersive, high spectral resolution, broad-band, high cadence imaging spectrometers. We have been developing these instruments for x-ray astrophysics for over 25 years and have successfully flown them on both suborbital and orbital observatories. Microcalorimeter spectrometers are true spatial-spectral event-driven instruments. The core instrument for the Astro-H observatory to be launched in 2014 and for the International X-ray Observatory planned for around 2022 [1] are both microcalorimeter spectrometers. For the past two years, supported by the Solar and Heliospheric ROSES program, we have been adapting this highly successful technology to the very different requirements of solar physics. This leverages the large NASA investment in this technology to produce instruments optimized for solar physics with only a moderate development program. During the past two years, we have developed a high spatial resolution, high cadence microcalorimeter optimized for solar observations with a ground-breaking spectral resolving power of nearly 3000 at 6 keV. This exceeds the performance goals of our program. In fact, the single-pixel performance achieved during this program is already sufficient for a solar optimized instrument as described in section 2, albeit using small arrays of detectors. We propose here to continue this successful program by developing large focal-plane arrays, optimized for solar physics and their read-out systems. This complements our existing development programs in astrophysics, where we have already produced and tested kilo-pixel arrays for IXO. The end-result of the proposed work will be a solar-optimized detector system proven and ready for integration into a suborbital payload and then onto a space-borne observatory. Both the suborbital program and an orbital instrument would allow high cadence spatial-spectral observations across the x-ray band from 0.1 to above 10 keV, enabling new science as described in section 1.4. Ultimately this will produce instrumentation suitable for deployment on an Explorer-class mission and, possibly, a remote sensing contribution to the Solar Energetic Particle Acceleration and Transport (SEPAT) Solar-Terrestrial Probe [2]. &nbsp;

Testing a Novel Geopolymer Binder as a Refractory Material for Rocket Plume Environments at SSC Project

The project involved the development and testing of a new alumina-silicate based multi-purpose, cost-effective, &lsquo;green&rsquo; cementitious binder (geopolymer) capable of acting as a high performance refractory material with both a low ablation rate and a high early mechanical strength. This work was built upon previous research undertaken by the research team in the areas of geopolymer binders. Full scale and laboratory controlled tests were performed to compare geopolymer performance to currently available commercial products (e.g. Sentinel, Greencast). Geopolymer&rsquo;s thermal shock resistance properties were tested on eleven different fly ash stockpiles specimens from around the world. The geopolymer specimens were subjected to ASTM C-1100 (Standard Test Method for Ribbon Thermal Shock Testing of Refractory Materials). Samples were subjected to incremental 5-5-5-15-30 second flame exposure durations and to a 15 or 30 accumulated exposure, depending on the sample performance (e.g., if the plume became detached). Field test durations were limited to prevent excessive erosion of the test panels and subsequent plume detachment. Laboratory testing also demonstrated that geopolymer could withstand thermal shock and exposure to flame. Additionally, a computational model was created to determine the optimal chemical ratios for geopolymer to be exposed to elevated temperatures. Additionally, due to their excellent adhesion to pre-existing surfaces geopolymer binders were proven to be good candidates for use in repair of existing structures upon which they were applied and retrofitted; this was demonstrated and observed via tests conducted on repaired tested panels. Overall, the demonstration testing program revealed that the geopolymer products had equal or superior performance compared to commercial refractories currently used by NASA.

Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project (SOCCOM)

SOCCOM (Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project) is a NSF project sampling the Southern Ocean and its influence on climate.Additional Data LinksCLIVAR P16S_2014 Pigment AnalysisCLIVAR P16S_2014 POC dataCLIVAR P16S_2014 Supporting Documentation

Enabling Nanosat Mobility and Autonomy for Small Bodies Exploration Project

Develop control and planning algorithms for a science-driven spacecraft/rover hybrid, such that the rover is able to autonomously reach designated targets and point instruments traverse performance meets science objectives of 20-30% of traverse distance.

AirMSPI version 5 ellipsoid-projected georegistered radiance product acquired during the NASA PODEX flight campaign January-February 2013

AirMSPI_PODEX_Ellipsoid-projected_Georegistered_Radiance_Data are AirMSPI Ellipsoid-projected georegistered radiance product acquired during the NASA Polarimeter Definition Experiment (PODEX) flight campaign.AirMSPI Level 1B2 products contain radiometric and polarimetric images of clouds, aerosols, and the surface of the Earth. In particular, products contain map-projected data at 8 wavelengths: 355, 380, 445, 470, 555, 660, 865, and 935 nm. The data products include radiance, time, solar zenith, solar azimuth, view zenith, and view azimuth for all spectral bands. Wavelengths for which polarization information is available (470, 660, and 865 nm) also include the Stokes parameters Q and U, as well as degree of linear polarization (DOLP) and angle of linear polarization (AOLP). Q, U, and AOLP are reported relative to both the scattering and view meridian planes. Files are distributed in HDF-EOS-5 format.This release of AirMSPI data contains all targets acquired during the Polarimeter Definition Experiment (PODEX) flight campaign. PODEX was based out of NASA’s Armstrong (formerly Dryden) Flight Research Center in Palmdale, CA, and focused on clouds and aerosols in and around California. AirMSPI data were acquired from January 14 through February 6, 2013.

Advanced Space Power Systems (ASPS): Advanced Microelectromechanical (MEMs) Photovoltaic Systems (AMPS) Project

Develop new cell and blanket technologies and manufacturing processes that reduce overall array costs&bull;Cells: develop new cell technology comparable to SOA with reduced cost at various production levels&bull;Blankets: develop blanket technology compatible with the space environment at costs less than SOA&bull;Electrical Interconnects and Cell Protection: develop automated processes for stringing cells and providing protection from the space environment&bull;Lab-scale development of technologies with greater power density and cost reduction through multiple programs tested for reliability by thermal cycling and space plasma interactions&bull;Flight-sized cell/blanket demonstrators for integration in SOA solar array structures