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opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

FIG. 1. — A-C in On unreported historical specimens of marine arthropods from the Solnhofen and Nusplingen Lithographic Limestones (Late Jurassic, Germany) housed at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris

FIG. 1. — A-C, Aeger tipularius (Schlotheim, 1822), specimen MNHN.F.A33509 from Solnhofen; A, natural light; B, interpretation of the carapace grooves; C, UV light; D, Aeger spinipes (Desmarest, 1817), specimen MNHN.F.B13442 from Solnhofen; E, F, Aeger insignis Oppel, 1862, specimen MNHN.GG.2004/57291 from Solnhofen; E, natural light; F, UV light. Scale bars: A, C, 1 cm; B, D, 2 cm; E, 3 cm. Abbreviations: a, branchiocardiac groove; b, antennal groove; b1, hepatic groove; e1e, cervical groove. Photographs: L. Cazes. Line drawing: G.P. Odin.

opencc-zeroSep 2019View details →

FIG. 3 in On unreported historical specimens of marine arthropods from the Solnhofen and Nusplingen Lithographic Limestones (Late Jurassic, Germany) housed at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris

FIG. 3. — Antrimpos speciosus Münster, 1839: A-C, specimen MNHN.F.A33504 from Eichstätt: A, visible light; B, UV light; C, line drawing of the specimen; D, E, specimen CM-33420 likely coming from Solnhofen (Robalino et al. 2016); D, visible light; E, interpretation of the carapace; F, specimen from Solnhofen (illustrated in Schweigert 2015: fig. 568; private collection of Roger Frattigiani); G, H, specimen MNHN.F.A33519 from Solnhofen; G, full view of the specimen; H, close-up of muscle fibers. Abbreviations: a, branchiocardiac groove; a2, antenna; b, antennal groove; b1, hepatic groove; e1e, cervical groove; egs, epigastric spine; hs, hepatic spine; r, rostrum; rs, rostral spines; sc, scaphocerite; ss, supraorbital spine; Grey line of drawing, hypothesized delimitation. Photographs: L. Cazes (except D: M. McNaugher and F: G. Schweigert). Line drawings: G.P. Odin. Scale bars: A-C, F, G: 2 cm; D, E, H, 1 cm.

opencc-by-3.0Feb 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in A DNA barcode-based survey of terrestrial arthropods in the Society Islands of French Polynesia: host diversity within the SymbioCode Project

Fig. 1. Distributions of the elevations at which specimens were collected on each island. Figure'1.'!

opencc-by-4.0May 2020View details →

Data to Richter et al. 2020 Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny

This dataset contains the ant head µCT-Sanning Datasets used for the article "Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" by Richter et al. published in Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 2020. In addition, the image plates from that article (in highest resolution as TIF files) and a series of supplementary 3D-volume render video files are deposited. The datasets for CASENT0709409, CASENT0709411 and CASENT0790267 are deposited as they were used in this study (with transformation to adjust the orientation of the ant head to the global axes and cropped to reduce file size) while CASENT0709419 is deposited as the original scanning result as it was not modified for the work in this article. Scanning details can be found in the materials and methods section of the article. Scanning parameters were as follows: Power (W): 3W all specimens Voltage (kV): 40kV all specimens Voxel Size: CASENT0709409: 1,1557 µm3;  CASENT0709419: 1,2244 µm3;  CASENT0709411: 2,5527µm3 ; CASENT0790267: 2,8337 µm3  Exposure Time (s): CASENT0709409: 25 s;  CASENT0709419: 15 s;  CASENT0709411: 7 s ; CASENT0790267: 5 s Source Distance (mm): CASENT0709409: -9,5038 mm;  CASENT0709419: -9,5321 mm;  CASENT0709411: 10,038 mm ; CASENT0790267: 13,0037 mm Detector Distance (mm): CASENT0709409: 46 mm;  CASENT0709419: 43,0166 mm;  CASENT0709411: 16,5043 mm ; CASENT0790267: 18,0015 mm

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Data from: Impacts of nutrient subsidies on salt marsh arthropod food webs: a latitudinal survey

Anthropogenic nutrient inputs into native ecosystems cause fluctuations in resources that normally limit plant growth, which has important consequences for associated foodwebs. Such inputs from agricultural and urban habitats into nearby natural systems are increasing globally and can be highly variable. Despite the global increase in anthropogenically-derived nutrient inputs into native ecosystems, the consequences of variation in subsidy amount on native plants and their associated foodwebs are poorly known. Salt marshes represent an ideal system to address the differential impacts of nutrient inputs on ecosystem and community dynamics because human development and other anthropogenic activities lead to recurrent introductions of nutrients into these natural systems. Previously, we have found in manipulative experiments that arthropod abundance increases in response to nutrient enrichment, with predators being the trophic group most strongly affected. We conducted a survey of Atlantic coastal Spartina marshes to test whether such local responses are indicative of responses at a landscape level. We examined the most abundant arthropod species associated with Spartina coastal marshes that receive variable amounts of anthropogenic nitrogen, and tested how this response varied across different arthropod functional groups (herbivores, epigeic feeders, and predators). Similar to what we found at a local scale, nutrient subsidies alter the trophic structure of the arthropod assemblage by changing the relative abundances of various feeding groups. Variable responses among predators to nitrogen density could be partly explained by diet breadth (e.g. generalists vs. specialists). Herbivores had a negative response to increasing plant nitrogen density; specialist predators tracked their herbivore prey and thus also responded negatively to nitrogen density. However, generalists were not negatively affected by nitrogen density and indeed some generalist predators responded positively to nitrogen density. Thus, the overall predator-to-herbivore ratio was also positively associated with nitrogen density. Our research helps us to understand how long-term nutrient enrichment of native ecosystems by human activities affects arthropod assemblages and foodweb dynamics.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Update and expansion of the database of bio-ecological information on non-target arthropod species

The current database updates and extends the database on arthropods inhabiting European arable crops established in 2012 (Meissle et al. 2012). The data was collected to support environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union and provides a detailed overview of the arthropod fauna in arable crops across Europe.The data was obtained from systematic literature searches conducted to identify publications on small grain cereals and to identify additional publications on the crops covered by the previous database (maize, beet, potato, oilseed rape, rice, cotton, soy). The final database contains information on more than 4000 arthropod species, > 27700 records, and > 2000 references. The database consists of three tables containing information on species (taxonomy, ecological function, feeding guild, habitat), abundances (crop, collection method, location, sampling duration, collected species), and references (authors, year, title, source). Taxonomy was verified with European and global taxonomic catalogues and taxonomic experts. Ecological information, in particular feeding guilds of adults and juveniles, was double checked with appropriate literature, and provided in detail. References for taxonomic and ecological information were included for each species record For maize, beet, potato, oilseed rape, rice, and soybean, 258 additional studies were found and entered into the database, resulting in 2774 additional records. For those crops, the updated database contains 16610 records of 3264 species. Most of the records are available for maize (6648), followed by beet, potato, and oilseed rape (ca. 3000 records each). Relatively few records are available for rice (601), soy (231), and cotton (184). Overall, small grain cereals in Europe were reported to harbour more than 2000 arthropod species. Most information is available for wheat (7626 records and 1664 species), followed by barley (2308 records and 893 species). Rye, oats, and triticale are represented by 453, 369, and 273 records and 269, 187, and 171 species, respectively. Only few records are available for buckwheat and sorghum, and no records for millet and canary seed. Overall, small grain cereals in Europe are reported to harbour more than 2000 arthropod species. For the other crops, the updated database contains more than 3200 species. Most of the species recorded in small grain cereals are predators (63% of the abundance records), followed by herbivores (21%), decomposers (8%), parasitoids (7%), and pollinators (1%).   The database contains reports from 37 countries in Europe and was extracted from references with a publication date ranging from 1925-2014.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Dataset supplementing Lichtenberg et al. (2017) A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes. Global Change Biology

This dataset contains data and scripts that supplement the publication Lichtenberg et al. (2017) A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes. Global Change Biology. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13714 Please cite the above article if you use any of the included data or code. Files are described in README.md.

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Selection for evasive mimicry imposed by an arthropod predator

It has long been hypothesized that a species that is relatively easy to catch by predators may face selection to resemble a species that is harder to catch. Several experiments using avian predators have since supported this "evasive mimicry" hypothesis. However, the sudden movement of artificial evasive prey in each of the above experiments may have startled the predators, generating an avoidance response unrelated to difficulty of capture. Additionally, in the above experiments, the catchability of prey was all or nothing, while in nature predators may occasionally catch evasive prey or fail to catch slower species, which might inhibit learning. Here, using mantids as predators, we conducted an experimental test of the evasive mimicry hypothesis that circumvents these limitations, using live painted calyptrate flies with modified evasive capabilities as prey. We found that mantids readily learned to avoid pursuing the more evasive prey types. Warning signals based on evasiveness and their associated mimicry may be widespread phenomena in nature. These findings not only further support its plausibility but demonstrate that even arthropod predators can select for it.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

COI metabarcoding data from arthropod pollinator communities in burned and unburned sites of California

Novel wildfire regimes are rapidly changing global ecosystems and pose significant challenges for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. In this study, we used DNA metabarcoding to assess the response of arthropod pollinator communities to large-scale wildfires across diverse habitat types in California. We sampled six reserves within the University of California Natural Reserve System (UCNRS), each of which was partially burned in the 2020 Lightning Complex wildfires in California. Using yellow pan traps to target pollinators, we collected arthropods from burned and unburned sites across multiple habitat types including oak woodland, redwood, scrub, chamise, grassland, forest, and serpentine habitats. We found no significant difference in alpha diversity values between burned and unburned sites; instead, seasonal variations played a significant role in arthropod community dynamics, with the emergence of plant species in Spring promoting increased pollinator richness at all sites. When comparing all sites, we found that burn status was not a significant grouping factor. Instead, compositional differences were largely explained by geographic differences, with distinct communities within each reserve. Within a geographic area, the response of arthropods to fire was dependent on habitat type. While communities in grasslands and oak woodlands exhibited recovery following burn, scrublands experienced substantial changes in community composition. Our study highlights the importance of examining community responses to wildfires across broad spatial scales and diverse habitat types. By understanding the nuanced dynamics of arthropod communities in response to fire disturbances, we can develop effective conservation strategies that promote resilience and maintain biodiversity in the face of increasing wildfire frequency and severity driven by climate change.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Data from: field evaluation: the effect of two transgenic Bt maize events on predatory arthropods in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize-growing region of China

To illustrate the impact of genetically modified (GM) Bt maize on the natural enemy communities in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize-growing region in China, the abundance of seven common predator groups (Geocoris pallidipennis, Harmonia axyridis, lacewings, Orius sauteri, Propylea japonica, spiders, Staphylinidae) was quantitatively evaluated by planting Bt-Cry1Ab DBN9936 and Bt-Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj Ruifeng 125 events during the growing season from 2016 to 2019. A total of 11,172- 13,739 predators were observed in each varieties during four years, and the abundance of each groups on Bt maize varied between sample dates and among those enemy taxons. The shannon-Wiener diversity index from seven groups showed very similar temporal dynamics and there were not significant differences in Bt and non-Bt maize, showing that Bt maize did not disrupt the stability of predator enemy aggregation in the field. Spiders, H. axyridis, P. japonica, Lacewing, O. sauteri with positive taxon weights after using principal response curve (PRC) method, indicated that Bt maize had a positive effect on the abundances of individual taxa. All this indicating that the two Bt maize hybrids did not adversely affect predator community in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize-growing region of China.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: NMSA: Arthropod Collections (1900-2012).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NMSA: Arthropod Collections (1900-2012)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="http://bionomia.net/dataset/aa4916c3-3dc7-4c90-9f8e-b81d986df153">https://bionomia.net/dataset/aa4916c3-3dc7-4c90-9f8e-b81d986df153</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/aa4916c3-3dc7-4c90-9f8e-b81d986df153">https://gbif.org/dataset/aa4916c3-3dc7-4c90-9f8e-b81d986df153</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

→ Fig. 2. Marellomorph arthropod Mimetaster florestaensis sp. nov. from Tremadocian of Mojotoro Mountains, Salta, Argentina. A–C. CNS-I 133/1-1, part. A. Cephalic shield and spines. Detail of the secondary spines on mediolateral spine (A2). B. View of the imprint of the ventral posterior margin of the cephalic shield. C. Explanatory drawing revealing the most important morphological characters. D. CNS-I 133/1-1´, counterpart showing detail of strong secondary spines on anterolateral spine. Arrows indicate the secondary spines. in A new marrellomorph euarthropod from the Early Ordovician of Argentina

→ Fig. 2. Marellomorph arthropod Mimetaster florestaensis sp. nov. from Tremadocian of Mojotoro Mountains, Salta, Argentina. A–C. CNS-I 133/1-1, part. A. Cephalic shield and spines. Detail of the secondary spines on mediolateral spine (A2). B. View of the imprint of the ventral posterior margin of the cephalic shield. C. Explanatory drawing revealing the most important morphological characters. D. CNS-I 133/1-1´, counterpart showing detail of strong secondary spines on anterolateral spine. Arrows indicate the secondary spines.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Data from: Disentangling the drivers of ground-dwelling macro-arthropod metacommunity structure at two different spatial scales

The goal of this study was to explore the community assembly rules at local and regional scales.   Site description All sampling locations were selected within the black soil region (Fig. 1), which is predominantly located in the temperate continental monsoon climatic zone in North China. It is characterized by a dry and cold winter and warm and humid summer. The soil was classified as black soil following the Chinese Soil Classification System, which is equivalent to a Typic Hapludoll in the USDA Soil Taxonomy. More specific details for this soil (such as black soil coverage area, geographical and ecological resources, etc.) can be obtained from Wen and Liang (2001). Samples were collected from three municipal districts: Bei'an, Hulan and Dehui.   Sampling design and setup We conducted field sampling of ground-dwelling macro-arthropods and measured a set of environmental and spatial variables across all sampling locations three times: in May, July and September 2015. In total, 15 plots (five plots in each of the three municipal districts) were selected and sampled. At each plot, we further selected five sampling sites (approximately 10 m away from each other). We collected additional samples for estimating soil abiotic parameters at each site. Soil samples (5 × 5 cm and 10 cm depth) were collected near each pitfall trap site. The exact geographic coordinates of each sampling site were obtained by GPS. Ground-dwelling macro-arthropods were sampled by a pitfall trapping method. For pitfall traps, we used plastic cups (7 cm in diameter and 12 cm deep), which were partially filled with saturated salt water. The traps were exposed for one week in each sampling month. All collected ground-dwelling macro-arthropods were removed from the pitfall traps, sorted and preserved in a 95% alcohol solution. All adult macroarthropods from pitfalls were identified at the species or genus level using appropriate keys (e.g., Simon (1879), Martens (1978) and Barrientos (2004) for Opiliones; Roberts (1993, 1995) for Lycosidae; and Forel and Leplat (2001) and Ortuño and Marcos (2003) for Carabidae) and then were counted. Juvenile ground-dwelling arthropods were excluded from all analyses due to difficulties with their identification (Gao et al., 2016).   Environmental and spatial variables Environmental variables used in our analysis included soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen, water content, pH, temperature. Soil water content (SWC%) was measured in the laboratory after the fresh soil was loaded into an aluminium box. Prior to estimating soil total nitrogen (TN) (Kjeldahl's method described by Duchaufour (1975)), soil organic matter (SOM) (Anne's method described by Duchaufour (1975)) and pH (Pansu and Gautheyrou, 2003), the collected soil samples were air-dried at 25℃ for one week and sieved (1 mm mesh size). Local temperature values were obtained from the publicly available datasets (The Local Chronicles of Bei’an, Hulan and Dehui). Geographic coordinates were recorded for further spatial modelling analysis.   We have seven data files: env BAHLDH may.csv env BAHLDH july.csv env BAHLDH september.csv sp BAHLDH may.csv sp BAHLDH july.csv sp BAHLDH september.csv Geospatial coordinates.csv   Explanation of the variables in the datasets: Site: Bei’an, Hulan, Dehui represent sampling district; I-V represent sampling plot; 1-5 represent replicate SOM: soil organic matter pH: soil pH SWC: Soil water content TN: soil total nitrogen

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2021View details →

Ecology and evolution of chlamydial symbionts of arthropods

The phylum Chlamydiae consists of obligate intracellular bacteria including major human pathogens and diverse environmental representatives. Here we investigated the Rhabdochlamydiaceae which is predicted to be the largest and most diverse chlamydial family, with the few known members infecting arthropod hosts. Using published 16S rRNA gene sequence data we identified at least 388 genus-level lineages containing about 14 051 putative species within this family. We show that rhabdochlamydiae are mainly found in freshwater and soil environments, suggesting the existence of diverse, yet unknown hosts. Next, we created a comprehensive genome dataset including metagenome assembled genomes classified as members of the family Rhabdochlamydiaceae, and we determined the genome sequences of two Rhabdochlamydia species, R. porcellionis infecting the woodlouse Porcellio scaber, and R. oedothoracis associated with the dwarf spider Oedothorax gibbosus. Comparative analysis of basic genome features and gene content with reference genomes of well-studied chlamydial families with known host ranges, namely Parachlamydiaceae (protist hosts) and Chlamydiaceae (human and other vertebrate hosts) suggested a distinct niche for members of the Rhabdochlamydiaceae. We propose that members of the family represent intermediate stages of adaptation of chlamydiae from protists to vertebrate hosts. Within the genus Rhabdochlamydia pronounced genome size reduction could be observed (1.49-1.93 Mb). The abundance and genomic distribution of transposases suggests transposable element expansion and subsequent gene inactivation as a mechanism of genome streamlining during adaptation to new hosts. Together, this study provides first insights into the molecular ecology, genomic diversity and evolution of representatives of one of the most successful chlamydial families.

Fig. 13 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 13. Palaeogeographical range of Arthropleura body and trace fossils. (a) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (c. 310 Ma; after Torsvik and Cocks 2016). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (b) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 320 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (c) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 310 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (d) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 290 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016).

Fig. 12 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 12. Trace fossil evidence for Arthropleura from the trackway Diplichnites cuithensis, preserved in strata, near contemporaneous in age to the Howick specimen, from adjacent basins in northern Britain (see Fig. 3 for localities). (a) Trackway from which the D. cuithensis holotype was cast (Briggs et al. 1979) in the Serpukhovian Limestone Coal Formation of Laggan, Isle of Arran, Scotland. Stick is 1 m long, inner and outer width of trackway highlighted. (b) D. cuithensis trackway of near-analogous width to the Howick body fossil, Visean Pittenweem Formation, Crail, Fife, Scotland. (c) D. cuithensis trackway>10 m long (arrowed) in the Visean Pittenweem Formation, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland (see Whyte 2018). Geologist is 1.8 m tall. (d, e) Photograph and interpreted sketch of context of D. cuithensis on a true substrate (Davies and Shillito 2018, 2021) recording the passage of two animals between emergent and subaqueous substrates. Convex bedform, colonized with plants, provided small island surrounded by shallow water puddles in a delta-top setting. Trackways are well-defined on emergent substrate and less so on subaqueous parts of substrate. Visean Anstruther Formation, 3.5 km NW of Kingsbarns, Fife, Scotland. Measuring stick 60 cm long.

Fig. 10 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 10. Details of (a, b) slab Aand (c, d) slab Bwith interpreted sketches of margins showing offset of three-dimensional sand infill from carbonaceous smear. Same tergites on each slab are colour-coded (with reference to prominent tergite shown in white). Cuticular interior shown as full circles with correspondingly shaped carbonaceous smear shown as colour-coded partial circles, indicating consistent 40 cm squeezed offset of infill from cuticle in direction of red bidirectional arrow, associated with synsedimentary deformation. Scale bars 20 cm.

Fig. 9 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 9. Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (a, b) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm. (c, d) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior.

Fig. 7 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram showing taphonomic context and relationship between key attributes of the specimen.

Fig. 6 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)

Fig. 6. Ichnological and palaeobotanical features associated with the Arthropleura fossil. (a) Trackway of an anthracosaur tetrapod (Baropezia) (individual footprints arrowed). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (b) Detail of Baropezia footprint (Ba) adjacent to Stigmaria root (black arrow). For details of vertebrate tracks prior to recent erosional degradation, see Scarboro and Tucker (1995). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (c) Thinly bedded wave-rippled facies immediately below fossil horizon showing horizontal invertebrate burrows Planolites (Pl) and Archaeonassa (Ar). Located at 10.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (d) Tightly curved invertebrate burrow identified as Taenidium on basis of meniscate fill and absence of lining. Fallen block of same lithology adjacent to fossil-bearing block. Scale bar 10 cm. (e) Ripplelaminated sandstone beds colonized with coalified, downwards-branching plant rootlets. Located at 9.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (f) Plant remains in same bed as Arthropleura fossil, including fragment of branch or bark belonging to Lepidodendron sensu lato (black arrow) and thin axis that acutely bifurcates distally, possibly the proximal part of a medullosalean pteridosperm frond (white arrow). Located at 10.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (g) Seed fossils, possibly Samaropsis, as produced by cordaitaleans. Note seeds occur immediately adjacent to the Arthropleura remains in the part, seen at top left of image. Located at 10.2 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 5 cm. (h) Stigmaria on stratigraphic top of fallen block hosting the Arthropleura remains. Preserved fraction of main rhizomorph axis extends between white arrows and shows ornamentation in boxed area. Adjacent part of bedding plane contains traces of rootlets (r) branching from the main rhizomorph. Located at 9.8 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d Scale bar 1 m.