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93 results for “Assumption”
Package for the paper Unveiling Assumptions: Exploring the Decisions of AI Chatbots and Human Testers
<p>This package includes the data for the study reported in the paper "Unveiling Assumptions: Exploring the Decisions of AI Chatbots and Human Testers".</p> <p>The data includes (i) answers from 127 human testers on a simple test prioritisation problem, (ii) answers from four chatbots prompted with the same problem (ChatGPT 4 and 3.5, Bard and Copilot), and (iii) scripts to create plots and tables used in the paper.</p> <p>Intructions about using the paper are in the README.md file.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear. in Tragulidae
Subspecies and Distribution. T.n.napuF.Cuvier,1822—SMyanmar,Thai/MalayPeninsula,islandsoffWMalayPeninsula(Langkawi&Pangkor),Borneo,SSumatra,BangkaI,islandsoffBorneo(Laut&Serasan). T.n.bangue:Chasen&Kloss,1931—BanggiIandBalembanganI,offNBorneo. T.n.bunguranensisMiller,1901—NatunaIs(=Bunguran),oftWBorneo. T.n.neubronneriSody,1931—NSumatra. T.n.nmiasisLyon,1916—NiasI,offWSumatra. T.n.rufulusMiller,1900—TiomanI,offEMalayPeninsula,RiauandLinggaArchipelagos. T. n. terutus Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Terutau I, off W Malay Peninsula. The species was recently reconfirmed for Singapore. Maps that include Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos in the distribution range are based on the earlier assumption that 7. versicolor was a subspecies of 1. napu. Subsequent studies have indicated that 7. versicolor is a distinct species, and that the range of 1. napu therefore does not extend into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The northern limit on the Thai-Malay peninsula is not well defined. Specimens of 1. napu have been collected from as far north as Bankachon in southern Myanmar (10° 08" N), but despite fairly intensive camera-trapping in Kui Buri National Park, Thailand (12° N), 7. napu has not been photographed there. At the northern margin ofits range, it is generally rare. It has been reported, for example, that during the flooding of the Chiew Larn Reservoir (Surat Thani Province; about 9° N, 98° 45' E), only six 7. napu were rescued compared with 172 71. kanchil. This area is the transition zone from wetter evergreen forest to drier deciduous types, and it might be that 7° napu is not well adapted to the drier forest types towards the northern limit ofits range. There are unconfirmed reports of the species on Java, where it may have been confused with one of the two color morphs of 7. javanicus. As explained in the Taxonomy section, the subspecific status of the populations of several islands remains unclear.
FIGURE 6 in On The Role Of Assumptions In Cladistic Biogeographical Analyses
FIGURE 6: Analysis of ambiguity under assumption 2 and Component Analysis. A: seven solutions, including the actual disjunction pattern; B: five solutions, including the actual disjunction pattern; C: two solutions, including the actual disjunction pattern.
FIGURE 4 in On The Role Of Assumptions In Cladistic Biogeographical Analyses
FIGURE 4: The same hypothetical area with different biogeographical problems. A: widespread taxon; B: missing area; C: paralogy (redundant distribution).
FIGURE 3 in On The Role Of Assumptions In Cladistic Biogeographical Analyses
FIGURE 3: Applying assumptions to the observable pattern. A: assumption 0, resulting in areagram (B(D(G(B,F)); B: assumption 2, resulting in eight areagrams, two of them identical to the actual disjunction pattern (B(D(F,G).
FIGURE 2 in On The Role Of Assumptions In Cladistic Biogeographical Analyses
FIGURE 2: The history of a hypothetical area. A: ancestral area A, ancestral species 1; B: first split lead to the first cladogenetic event, with species 2 and 3 distributed respectively in areas B and C; C: second split divides area C into areas D (habited by species 4) and E (species 5); D: third split divides area E into areas F (species 6) and G (species 7); E: a population of species 6 disperses from area F into area B; F: the observable pattern shows a widespread taxon (species 7) occurring in both areas B and F.
FIGURE 5 in On The Role Of Assumptions In Cladistic Biogeographical Analyses
FIGURE 5: Analysis of ambiguity under assumption 0 and BPA. A-C: each node of the areagram corresponds to an entry in BPA data matrix; D: area versus taxon matrix used in primary BPA; E: areagrams resulting from matrix analysis.
Multi-Stage Integrated Transmission and Distribution Expansion Planning Under Uncertainties with Smart Investment Options - Case Study Assumptions
<p>A document containing the input assumptions for the case study published in the paper "Multi-Stage Integrated Transmission and Distribution Expansion Planning Under Uncertainties with Smart Investment Options".</p>
Information diffusion assumptions can distort our understanding of social network dynamics (code and data)
<p>This repository contains the data (<code>cascade_reconstruction.tar.gz</code>) and code (<code>code_repository.tar.gz</code>) for a paper titled "Information diffusion assumptions can distort our understanding of social network dynamics" by <a href="https://www.matthewdeverna.com/">Matthew R. DeVerna</a>, <a href="https://pierri.faculty.polimi.it/">Francesco Pierri</a>, <a href="https://rachithaiyappa.github.io/">Rachith Aiyappa</a>, <a href="https://diogofpacheco.github.io/">Diogo Pachecho</a>, <a href="https://jbryden.co.uk/home/">John Bryden</a>, and <a href="https://cnets.indiana.edu/fil">Filippo Menczer</a> .</p> <p>Please see the README.md file for important details! If you would like to report issues with the code, you can do so through an associated GitHub repository that houses the project's code, which can be found <a href="https://github.com/osome-iu/cascade_reconstruction">here</a>.</p>
Data from: Testing the assumptions of the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis for termites in semi-arid Australia
Fire shapes the composition and functioning of ecosystems globally. In many regions, fire is actively managed to create diverse patch mosaics of fire-ages under the assumption that a diversity of post-fire age classes will provide a greater variety of habitats, thereby enabling species with differing habitat requirements to coexist, and enhancing species diversity (the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis). However, studies provide mixed support for this hypothesis. Here, using termite communities in a semi-arid region of southeast Australia, we test four key assumptions of the pyrodiversity begets biodiversity hypothesis (1) that fire shapes vegetation structure over sufficient time frames to influence species' occurrence, 2) that animal species are linked to resources that are themselves shaped by fire and that differ at different times since fire, 3) that species' probability of occurrence of abundance peaks at varying times since fire, and 4) that providing a diverse set of fire-ages boost species diversity at the landscape scale. Termite species and habitat elements were sampled in 100 sites across a range of fire ages, nested within 20 landscapes chosen to represent a gradient of low to high pyrodiversity. We used regression modeling to explore relationships between termites, habitat and fire. Fire affected two habitat elements (coarse woody debris and the cover of woody vegetation) that were associated with the probability of occurrence of three termite species and overall species richness, thus supporting the first two assumptions of the pyrodiversity hypothesis. However, this did not result in those species or species richness being affected by fire history per se. Consequently, landscapes with a low diversity of fire histories had similar numbers of termite species as landscapes with high pyrodiversity. Our work suggests that encouraging a diversity of fire ages for enhancing termite species richness in this study region is not necessary.
Results and assumptions for: Modeling the Circular Economy in Environmentally Extended Input-Output Tables: methods, software and case study
<p>This dataset presents supplementary information for <em>"Modeling the Circular Economy in Environmentally Extended Input-Output Tables: methods, software and case study" </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104508">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104508</a></p> <p>The data was processed and results were obtained through https://cmlplatform.github.io/pycirk/</p> <p> </p> <p><br> Annex I: Scenario assumptions and modeling choices and complete results (file Annex_I.xlsx) <br> Annex II: Contains analysis of other software, database modifications, and list of affected categories (file Annex_II.docx) <br> Results: settings, assumptions, results and their analysis from the case study presented in the paper (file Donati_CE_EEIO_Mo_SI.tar.gz)</p>
An assessment of energy system transformation pathways to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions in Switzerland. Supplementary Information Assumptions and Results
<p>This dataset accompanies the corresponding article in Communications Earth and Environment. It contains the key assumptions used in the energy system modelling with the Swiss TIMES energy systems model (STEM) for assessing net-zero carbon dioxide emissions scenarios for Switzerland. In addition, contains extensive results from STEM for each one of the core scenarios and variants assessed in the study.</p> <p>The following files are contained in this repository:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Supplementary Data 1</strong>: This is the EXCEL file "Supplementary_Information_Assumptions.xslx" which contains key assumptions of the long-term scenarios assessed with STEM. These include among others: the major energy and climate policies in each scenario, the economic and demographic assumptions, key drivers for the residential energy demand (e.g., floor reference area or appliances), key drivers for the energy demand in the services sectors (e.g., Gross Value Added or floor area), key drivers for the energy demand in industry (e.g., production index or Gross Value Added), mobility demands, energy import prices, hourly electricity import prices, net transfer capacities, domestic sustainable renewable resource potentials, energy supply and demand technologies costs and efficiencies</li> <li><strong>Supplementary Data 2</strong>: This is the EXCEL file "Supplementary_Information_Results.xlsx" which contains energy balances from the baseline and the net-zero CO<sub>2</sub> emissions scenarios. The results for each scenario are: domestic production by fuel, net imports by fuel, primary energy consumption by fuel, input to conversion sectors by fuel, electricity supply and capacities by fuel, district heating supply by fuel, final energy consumption by fuel and sector, CO2 emissions by source, energy system costs, and indicators such as energy consumption per capita, energy intensity of GDP, CO2 emissions per capita and CO2 intensity of GDP. </li> <li><strong>Supplementary Data 3</strong>: The ZIP file "Source_code_and_data_for_charts.zip" contains source codes and data for reproducing the figures in the manuscript. </li> </ul>
FIGURE 4 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 4. Comparison of humeri of Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. with Papasula a. abbotti, caudal surface, left side. A. NHMUK PVA9049 P. a. nelsoni (Plaine Corail, Rodrigues); B. UMZC 262.AA holotype P. a. nelsoni (Mare aux Songes, Mauritius); C. USNM 560863 P. a. abbotti u/s (Christmas Island); USNM 560862 P. a. abbotti immature u/s (Christmas Island). Abbreviations: td, tuberculum dorsale; tv, tuberculum ventrale; ch, caput humeri; ic, incisura capitis; mc, margo caudalis; cvf, crus ventrale fossa; cb, crista bicipitalis; fp, fossa pneumotricipitalis; sh, sulcus humerotricipitalis; ss, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; pf, processus flexorius. Scale bar = 20 mm.
FIGURE 11 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 11. Map of Rodrigues Island (above) showing the distribution of Mascarene Booby Papasula abbotti nelsoni ssp. nov., with a detail of Ile Frégate (below). This islet is in the only unequivocal breeding locality, with the six fossil elements collected on the Plaine Corail. The asterisk marks the location of the surviving tall native trees under a cliff and ideally place to SE trade winds. Adapted from Google Earth (2022).
FIGURE 8 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 8. The original illustration of UMZC 995 (Fig. 6B, 6C) from Milne-Edwards (1873: pl. 11, figs. 5, 5a, 2d, 2e), in which he tentatively referred it to Sula piscator (= S. sula). Since its execution, damage has occurred, in particular the crista medialis hypotarsi (shown in Fig. 2e) is now missing.
FIGURE 12 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 12. Author's reconstruction of Ile Frégate with Mascarene Booby Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. in the foreground and far left, nesting alongside Red-footed boobies Sula sula and Lesser Frigatebirds Fregata ariel. This area of tall forest below the cliffs (above right) faces an unrestricted SE wind direction and may have been the only breeding area on the islet.
FIGURE 10 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 10. Map of Mauritius (inset) and locality of Mare aux Songes (outlined in black) with Basin 0 where the fossil remains of Papasula abbotti nelsoni ssp. nov. were found. The arrows show the direction of the SE trade winds. Adapted from Google Earth (2022).
FIGURE 3 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 3. Sternum fragment of Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. NHMUK PV A9076. A. right lateral aspect; B. dorsal aspect; C. cranial aspect. Abbreviations: li, labrum interna; tle, tuberculum labri externa; sac, sulcus articularis coracoideus. Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 9 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 9. Comparison of skins (dorsal view left, ventral view right) of Papasula a. abbotti collected on Assumption Island (UMZC 10/Sul/2/a/1 u/s (left); UMZC 10/Sul/2/a/2 u/s (centre)); compared with a skin from Christmas Island (NHMUK1909.5.2.3 M, right). These skins show no discernible plumage differences from each other. Scale bar = 10 cm.
FIGURE 2 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island
FIGURE 2. Comparison of coracoid of Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. (partially reconstructed) with Papasula a. abbotti, ventral aspect, left side. A. USNM 560863 P. a. abbotti u/s (Christmas Island); B. NHMUK PV A9076 P. a. nelsoni (Plaine Corail, Rodrigues). Abbreviations: le, labrum externum; ia, impressio lig. acrocoracohumeralis. Scale bar = 10 mm.
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OpenNeuro
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