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188 results for “Biogeographic distribution”
Figure 12 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 12. Stereophotos of cardinal areas of hinges of right valves. A, Cardium costatum (ANSP 54110): ac shape 4, pc shape 1. B, Bucardium ringens (UMMZ 24727): ac shape 5, pc shape 1. C, Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) aculeata (UNC 15376): ac shape 6, pc shape 1. D. Acanthocardia (Rudicardium) tuberculata (ANSP 53195): ac shape 6, pc shape 1. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B−D = 10 mm.
Figure 10 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 10. External views of right valves. A, Hedecardium (Hedecardium) waitakiense (DSIRGS 10837), hedeform shell shape. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, Freneixicardia verrucosa (NHM L7962), circular shell shape. Scale bar = 5 mm. Arrow indicates set of imbricated spines.
Figure 11 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 11. Internal views of right valves. A, Cardium costatum (ANSP 54110). Note strong internal expression of radial ribs, absence of impression of adductor muscle scars. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, Plagiocardium granulosum (ANSP 6268). Scale in cm indicated in figure. C, Orthocardium porulosum (ANSP 6266). Scale bar = 10 mm. In B and C, radial ribs expressed internally only at shell margin; adductor muscle scars impressed. Only anterior adductor muscle scar labelled; posterior adductor muscle scar equally well-impressed into shell, but not readily visible in these views due to foreshortening.
Figure 8. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 8. A, Afrocardium exochum (ANSP 293709), exterior of right valve, circular shell shape. B, Loxocardium obliquum (FMNH PE 3642), exterior of right valve, loxoform shell shape. C, Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (USNM 645087), exterior of left valve, schediform shell shape. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, C = 10 mm.
Figure 9 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 9. External views of right valves. A, Europicardium multicostatum (NHM PI TB5), europiform shell shape. B, Dinocardium robustum (ANSP 186595), dinoform shell shape. C, Vepricardium multispinosum (ANSP 54220), circular shell shape. D, Bucardium ringens (ANSP 54234), circular shell shape. All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 7 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 7. External views of right valves. A, Agnocardia spinosifrons (USGS 26439), circular shell shape. B, Plagiocardium granulosum (ANSP 6268), oval shell shape. C, Granocardium kuemmeli (AMNH 45042), ovate shell shape. D, Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) aculeata (ANSP 54235), cardiiform shell shape. E, Orthocardium porulosum (ANSP 6266), circular shell shape. Scale bars: A, C−E = 10 mm; B = 5 mm.
Figure 4 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 4. External anatomy of right side of cardiids. A, Dinocardium robustum (LACMNH 50–53.2), scale bar = 10 mm. B, Bucardium ringens (NHM Acc. no. 2322), scale in cm indicated on figure.
Figure 6 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 6. External views of right valves. A, Cardium costatum (ANSP 54110), cardiiform shell shape. B, Nemocardium bechei (ANSP 252661), quadrate-short shell shape. C, Planicardium virginianum (USNM 2831), planiform shell shape. All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 3. Shell ontogeny. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 3. Shell ontogeny. A, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH UC7082), B, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH PE3523). C, D, Planicardium virginianum (UNC 11856). All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 1. Phylogenetic hypothesis of stem group eucardiids, from Schneider (1998a). The representatives of the ingroup in the present study (Schedocardia, Hedecardium, Orthocardium, Loxocardium, Sawkinsia and Plagiocardium) formed a paraphyletic group.
Data from: Biogeographical variation in termite distributions alters global deadwood decay
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A biogeographical approach to characterising the climatic, physical and geomorphic niche of the most widely distributed mangrove species, Avicennia marina
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Mangroves are coastal ecosystems exposed to terrestrial, marine, geomorphic and climatic forcings operating in concert, making the mangrove niche hard to define, as evidenced by extremely poor restoration outcomes. We have developed a set of high-resolution species distribution models and interpreted the variables that have the largest impact on the niche of <em>Avicennia</em> <em>marina</em>, the most globally widespread mangrove species, to comprehensively detail the forcings driving habitat suitability.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Australia.</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: 1970–2020.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: <em>Avicennia</em> <em>marina</em> (Forssk.) Vierh.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We modelled the suitable habitat for <em>A</em>. <em>marina</em> in Australia using the maxent method incorporating 38 environmental variables and the Global Mangrove Watch baseline for the presence records. Using k-means grouping we identified sub-regions where similar suites of environmental variables influence habitat suitability, while also identifying biogeographical commonalities among the sub-regions. To better understand the low realisation of the fundamental niche we analysed the other land covers occupying the niche.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: <em>A</em>. <em>marina</em> in Australia occupies six different environmental sub-regions. Maxent distribution models accurately predicted the presence of <em>A</em>. <em>marina</em> in each subpopulation (AUC > 0.9). <em>A</em>. <em>marina</em>'s presence in all sub-regions was strongly determined by its proximity to freshwater. Precipitation and temperature extreme values were more important than average values in predicting the species' presence. The species requires low-energy coastlines with high solar radiation. The suitable areas are primarily shared with salt marshes, seagrass and buildings or cleared land.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Our results offer a baseline for the suitable area of A. marina's presence that includes a range of environmental conditions, <em>A</em>. <em>marina</em> currently occupies <50% of its suitable habitat and there is scope for restoration with significant ecosystem service gains. The six different sub-regions in Australia map to known phylogenetically distinct populations indicating genetic plasticity in response to region-specific climatic conditions.</p>
Biogeographic distribution and divergent assembly process of cyanobacterial morphotypes in biocrusts across northwestern China
<p><span>The patterns of biogeographical distribution and assembly processes of microbiota are of vital importance for understanding ecological adaptation and functioning maintenance. However, the role of their morphological characteristics in microbial assembly is still poorly ascertained. Here, by integrating high-throughput sequencing and<span> </span>robust extrapolation of traits, we investigated taxonomic and phylogenetic turnovers of various cyanobacterial morphotypes in biocrusts to evaluate the contributions of deterministic and stochastic processes across a large scale of drylands. The results showed that the non-heterocyst filamentous category dominated biocrusts in the arid ecosystem and exhibited strong tolerance against environmental fluctuations. Despite thesignificant distance-decay relationship of <em>β</em>-diversity detected in all categories, both species composition and phylogenetic turnover rates of coccoid cyanobacteria were higher than non-heterocyst filamentous and heterocystous morphotypes. Moreover, the assembly of cyanobacteria was driven by different ecological processes that the entire community and non-heterocyst filamentous morphotype were governed by deterministic processes, while stochasticity prevailed in heterocystous and coccoid cyanobacteria. However, aridity can modulate the balance between determinism and stochasticity and prompt a shifting threshold among morphotypes, generating an alteration in community composition. <a name="_Hlk121763045"></a>Our findings provide a unique perspective to understanding the role of microbial morphology in community assembly, highlighting the differentiation of biogeographic distribution, environmental response, and species preference between cyanobacterial morphotypes with consideration of potential functional consequences.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Updated Distribution Records of Pachyrhynchus Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) from the Philippines with Biogeographic Affinities
Fig. 1. Comparison of species richness by largest Philippine Islands
Figure. Maps of Turkish provinces and regions. in Checklist of Turkish Raphidioptera on the basis of distribution pattern and biogeographical analysis
Figure. Maps of Turkish provinces and regions.
Data from: The biogeographical patterns of species richness and abundance distribution in stream diatoms are driven by climate and water chemistry
In this inter-continental study of stream diatoms, we asked three important but still unresolved ecological questions: 1) What factors drive the biogeography of species richness and species abundance distribution (SAD); 2) Are climate-related hypotheses, which have dominated the research on the latitudinal and altitudinal diversity gradients, adequate in explaining spatial biotic variability; and 3) Is the SAD response to the environment independent of richness? We tested a number of climatic theories and hypotheses (i.e., the species-energy and the metabolic theory; and the energy variability and the climatic tolerance hypothesis) but found no support for any of these concepts as the relationships of richness with explanatory variables were non-existent, weak or unexpected. Instead, we demonstrated that diatom richness and SAD evenness generally increased with temperature seasonality and at mid- to high total phosphorus concentrations. The spatial patterns of diatom richness and the SAD—mainly longitudinal in the US, but latitudinal in Finland—were defined primarily by the covariance of climate and water chemistry with space. The SAD was not entirely controlled by richness, emphasizing its utility for ecological research. Thus, we found support for the operation of both climate and water chemistry mechanisms in structuring diatom communities, which underscores their complex response to the environment and the necessity for novel predictive frameworks.
Figure 3 in Deforestation affects biogeographical regionalization: a case study contrasting potential and extant distributions of Mexican terrestrial mammals
Figure 3. Mexican regionalization based on consensus cladogram of t1.
An interpolated biogeographic framework for tropical Africa using plant species distributions and the physical environment
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Existing phytogeographic frameworks for tropical Africa lack either spatial completeness, unit definitions smaller than the regional scale, or a quantitative approach. We investigate whether physical environmental variables can be used to interpolate floristically defined vegetation units, presenting an interpolated, hierarchical, quantitative phytogeographic framework for tropical Africa, which is compared to previously defined regions.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Tropical mainland Africa 24°N to 24°S.</p> <p><strong>Taxon: </strong>31,046 vascular plant species and infraspecific taxa.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We calculate a betasim dissimilarity matrix from a comprehensive whole-flora database of plant species distributions. We investigate environmental correlates of floristic turnover with local non-metric multidimensional scaling. We derive a hierarchical biogeographic framework by clustering the dissimilarity matrix. The framework is modelled using a classification decision tree method and 12 physical environmental variables to interpolate and downscale the framework across the study region.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Floristic turnover is related strongly to water availability and temperature, with smaller contributions from land cover, topographic ruggedness and lithology. Region can be predicted with 90% accuracy by the model. We define 19 regions and 99 districts. We find a novel arrangement of the arid regions. Regional subdivision within the savanna biome is supported with minor variation to borders. Within the forests of west and central Africa, our whole-flora gridded regionalisation supports the divisions identified by a previous analysis of trees only.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Physical environmental variables can be used to predict floristically defined vegetation units with very high accuracy, and the approach could be pursued for other inc ompletely sampled taxa and areas outside of tropical Africa. Geographic coherence is higher than in previous quantitative phytoregional definitions. For most tropical African vascular plant species, we provide predictions of which species will occur within each mapped district and region of tropical Africa. The framework should be useful for future studies in ecology, evolution and conservation.</p>
Phylotranscriptomics reveal the complex evolutionary and biogeographic history of the genus Tsuga with an East Asian-North American disjunct distribution
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Biogeographic distribution and divergent assembly process of cyanobacterial morphotypes in biocrusts across northwestern China
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Allen Brain Atlas
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