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420 results for “Body size data”
Data from: Tropical bird species have less variable body sizes
Ecologists have often predicted that species' niche breadths should decline toward the equator. Dan Janzen arrived at this prediction based on climatic constraints, while Robert MacArthur argued that a latitudinal gradient in resource specialization drives the pattern. This idea has some support when it comes to thermal niches, but has rarely been explored for other niche dimensions. Body size is linked to niche dimensions related to diet, competition, and environmental tolerance in vertebrates. We identified 68 pairs of tropical and nontropical sister bird species using a comprehensive phylogeny and used the VertNet specimen database to ask whether tropical birds have lower intraspecific body-size variation than their nontropical sister species. Our results show that tropical species have less intraspecific variability in body mass ( = 0.0092; p = 0.009). Variation in body-size variability was poorly explained by both abiotic and biotic drivers, thus the mechanisms underlying the pattern are still unclear. The lower variation in body size of tropical bird species may have evolved in response to more stable climates and resource environments.
Data from: Body size variation in aquatic consumers causes pervasive community effects, independent of mean body size
Intraspecific phenotypic variation is a significant component of biodiversity. Body size, for example, is variable and critical for structuring communities. We need to understand how homogenous and variably-sized populations differ in their ecological responses or effects if we are to have a robust understanding of communities. We manipulated body size variation in consumer (tadpole) populations in mesocosms (both with and without predators), keeping mean size and density of these consumers constant. Size-variable consumer populations exhibited stronger antipredator responses (reduced activity), which had a cascading effect of increasing the biomass of the consumer's resources. Predators foraged less when consumers were variable in size, and this may have mediated the differential effects of predators on the community composition of alternative prey (zooplankton). All trophic levels responded to differences in consumer size variation, demonstrating that intrapopulation phenotypic variability can significantly alter interspecific ecological interactions. Furthermore, we identify a key mechanism (size thresholds for predation risk) that may mediate impacts of size variation in natural communities. Together, our results suggest that phenotypic variability plays a significant role in structuring ecological communities.
Data and code from: Disentangling the drivers of decadal body size decline in an insect population
<p>While climate warming is widely predicted to reduce body size of ectotherms, evidence for this trend is mixed. Body size depends not only on temperature but also on other factors, such as food quality and intraspecific competition. Because temperature trends or other long-term environmental factors may affect population size and food sources, attributing trends in average body size to temperature requires the separation of potentially confounding effects. We evaluated trends in the body size of the midge <em>Tanytarsus gracilentus</em> and potential drivers (water temperature, population size, and food quality) between 1977 and 2015 at Lake Mývatn, Iceland. Although temperatures increased at Mývatn over this period, there was only a slight (non-significant) decrease in midge adult body size, contrary to theoretical expectations. Using a state-space model including multiple predictors, body size was negatively associated with both water temperature and midge population abundance, and it was positively associated with <sup>13</sup>C enrichment of midges (an indicator of favorable food conditions). The magnitude of these effects were similar, such that simultaneous changes in temperature, abundance, and carbon stable isotopic signature could counteract each other in the long-term body size trend. Our results illustrate how multiple factors, all of which could be influenced by global change, interact to affect average ectotherm body size.</p>
Data from: Larval diet and temperature alter mosquito immunity and development: using body size and developmental traits to track carry-over effects on longevity
<p><span><strong>Background</strong>:</span><span> Estimating arbovirus transmission potential requires a mechanistic understanding of how environmental factors influence the expression of adult mosquito traits. While preimaginal exposure to environmental factors can have profound effects on adult traits, tracking and predicting these effects remains challenging. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> Using <em>Aedes albopictus</em> and a structural equation modelling approach, we explored how larval nutrition and temperature jointly affect development rate and success, body size, and whether these metrics capture carry-over effects on adult longevity. Additionally, we investigated how larval diet and temperature affect the baseline expression of ten immune genes. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> We found that larval development </span><span>success</span><span> was primarily determined by diet, while temperature and diet both affected development rate, pupal wet weight, and wing length. Effects of diet on both morphometric measures and their relationships to adult longevity were asymmetrical, with wing length having a positive association and pupal weight a negative association. Larval diet indirectly affected adult longevity, and the time to pupation was negatively correlated with longevity. </span><span>The</span><span> expression of </span><span>eight </span><span>immune genes from Toll, </span><span>JAK-STAT, and Imd pathways </span><span>was enhanced in mosquitoes with higher nutrition. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>:</span><span> Our results highlight deficiencies from using a single body size measure to capture carry-over effects on adult traits. Further studies of larval development rate under varying environmental conditions and its potential for tracking carry-over effects on vectorial capacity are warranted. </span></p>
Data for: Coherent long-term body-size responses across all Northwest Atlantic herring populations to warming and environmental change despite contrasting harvest and ecological factors
<p>Body size is a key component of individual fitness and an important factor in the structure and functioning of populations and ecosystems. Disentangling the effects of environmental change, harvest, and intra- and inter-specific trophic effects on body size remains challenging for populations in the wild. Herring in the Northwest Atlantic provide a strong basis for evaluating hypotheses related to these drivers given that they have experienced significant warming and harvest over the past century, while also having been exposed to a wide range of other selective constraints across their range. Using data on mean length-at-age 4 for the sixteen principal populations over a period of 53 cohorts (1962-2014), we fitted a series of empirical models for temporal and between-population variation in the response to changes in sea surface temperature. We find evidence for a unified cross-population response in the form of a parabolic function according to which populations in naturally warmer environments have responded more negatively to increasing temperature compared with those in colder locations. Temporal variation in residuals from this function was highly coherent among populations, further suggesting a common response to a large-scale environmental driver. The synchrony observed in this study system, despite strong differences in harvest and ecological histories among populations and over time, clearly indicates a dominant role of environmental change on size-at-age in wild populations, in contrast to commonly reported effects of fishing. This finding has important implications for the management of fisheries as it indicates that a key trait associated with population productivity may be under considerably less short-term management control than currently assumed. Our study, overall, illustrates the need for a comparative approach within species for inferences concerning the many possible effects on body size of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the wild.</p>
Data from: A comparative study of body size evolution in moths: Evidence of correlated evolution with feeding and phenology-related traits
<p>Interspecific variation in body size is one of the most popular topics in comparative studies. Despite recent advances, little is still known about the patterns and processes behind the evolution of body size in insects. Here, we used a robust data set comprising all geometrid moth species occurring in Northern Europe to examine the evolutionary associations involving body size and several life-history traits under an explicitly phylogenetic framework. We provided new insights into the interactive effects of life-history traits on body size and evidence of correlated evolution. We further established the sequence of trait evolution linking body size with the life-history traits correlated with it. We found that most (but not all) of the studied life-history traits, to some extent, interfered with interspecific variation in body size, but interactive effects were uncommon. Both bi- and multivariate phylogenetic analyses indicated that larger species tend to be nocturnal flyers, overwinter in the larval stage, feed on the foliage of trees rather than herbs, and have a generalist feeding behavior. We found evidence of correlated evolution involving body size with overwintering stage, host-plant growth form, and dietary specialization. The examination of evolutionary transitions within the correlated models signaled that overwintering as larvae preceded the evolution of large sizes, as did feeding on tree foliage and the generalist feeding behavior. By showing that both body size and all life-history traits correlated with it evolve at very slow rates, we caution against uncritical attempts to propose causal explanations for respective associations based on contemporary ecological settings.</p>
Data from: Extreme range in adult body size reveals hidden trade-offs among sexually selected traits
<p>Sexually selected weapons used to monopolize mating opportunities are predicted to trade-off with traits used in competition for fertilization. Yet, the limited size-range typically found among adults of a species often precludes clear comparisons between population-level and individual-level relative trait investment. The jousting weevil, <em>Brentus anchorago </em>(Coleoptera: Brentidae), varies more than 26-fold in body mass, which is among the most extreme adult body size ranges of any solitary terrestrial species. We reveal a trade-off at a population-level: hypermetric scaling in male weapons (slope =1.59) and a closely-mirrored reversal in allocation to post-copulatory traits (slope =0.54). Yet, at the individual-level we find the opposite pattern; males that invest relatively more in weapons for their size class also invest more in post-copulatory traits. In support of our findings from jousting weevils<em>, </em>across 36 dung beetle species we find the relative effect of population-level scaling increases in species with a larger range in adult body size. Our findings reveal that population-level allometries and individual level trade-offs can both be important in shaping relative trait allocation; we highlight that the adult body size range is rarely examined, but may be integral to gain a deeper understanding of trade-offs in reproductive allocation.</p>
Data from: Life history changes associated with over 400 generations of artificial selection on body size in Drosophila
<p>Body size is a trait that shapes many aspects of a species' development and evolution. Larger body size is often beneficial in animals, but it can also be associated with life history costs in natural systems. Similarly, miniaturization, the evolution of extremely small adult body size, is found in every major animal group, yet carries its own life history trade-offs. Given that these effects can depend on an animal's environment and life stage and have mainly been studied in species that are already specialized for their size, the life history changes associated with evolutionary shifts in body size warrant additional investigation. Here, we used <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>populations that had undergone over 400 generations of artificial selection on body size to investigate the changes in life history traits associated with the evolution of extremely large and extremely small body sizes. Populations selected for small body size experienced strong trade-offs in multiple life history traits, including reduced female fecundity and lower juvenile viability. Although we found correlated changes in egg size associated with selection for both large and small body size, after adjusting for female body size, females from populations selected for large size had the lowest relative investment per egg and females from populations selected for small size had the highest relative investment per egg. Taken together, our results suggest that egg size may be a key constraint on the evolution of body size in <em>D. melanogaster,</em> providing insight into the broader phenomenon of body size evolution in insects.</p>
Data from: Age dominates flight distance and duration, while body size shapes flight speed in Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
<p>Flight plays crucial role in the fitness of insect pollinators, such as bumble bees. Despite their relatively large body size compared to their wings, bumble bees can fly under difficult ambient conditions, such as cooler temperatures. While their body size is often positively linked to their foraging range and flight ability, the influence of age remains less explored. Here, we studied the flight performance (distance, duration, and speed) of aging bumble bee workers using tethered flight mills. Additionally, we measured their intertegular distance (ITD) and dry mass as proxies for their body size. We found that flight distance and duration was predominantly influenced by age, challenging assumptions that age does not play a key role in foraging and task allocation. From the age of 7 to 14 days, flight distance and duration increased six-fold and five-fold, respectively. Conversely, body size primarily impacted the maximum and average flight speed of workers. Our findings indicate that age substantially influences flight distance and duration in bumble bee workers, affecting foraging performance and potentially altering task allocation strategies. This underscores the importance of considering individual age and physiological changes alongside body size/mass in experiments involving bumble bee workers.</p>
Data: Approaching a population level assessment of body size in pinnipeds using drones, an early warning of environmental degradation.
<p>Data and R sctipts for measuring harbour seal body sizes and estimating mass based on .shp files containing outlines. Associated with the manusctipt currently titled "Approaching a population level assessment of body size in pinnipeds using drones, an early warning of environmental degradation."</p> <p>1_Seal_Volume_Function.R: A function for the estimation of length, width, and ellipsoid volume of harbour seals from georeferenced polygons representing individual outlines 2_Polygon_Process.R: This script uses the curved_length_vol function (1_Seal_Volume_Function.R) to process a folder full of .shp file subfolders containing georeferenced polygons representing individual outlines and outputs a .csv with estimates of length, width, and ellipsoid volume for each individual. 3_Calibration.R: This script processes and calibrates summarized harbor seal measurements based on reference to known individuals</p> <p>CSV_Files: Folder containing data files</p> <p>Known_Seals.csv: True measurments of length and mass for known seals with derived estimates of 'true' width and volume. Drone based estimates of length, width, simple and complex volume for the same individuals, information on pose.</p> <p>measurments.csv: Drone based estimates of length, width, simple and complex volume for all individuals.</p> <p>Pup_growth.csv: Data on pup mass by age from Harding et al. 2005 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00945.x" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2005.00945.x</a>).</p> <p>Slottsskogen_Data.csv: True and drone based measurments for individual captive harbour seals taken on two seperate occasions.</p> <p>Summarised_Weights.csv: True measurments of length, girth, and mass for harbour seals.</p>
All body size data (EOL v3 test): body size
All records for Body size, run Aug. 7 Query in EOL beta platform: https://beta.eol.org/terms/search_results?term_query%5Bclade_id%5D=&term_query%5Bfilters_attributes%5D%5B0%5D%5Bop%5D=is_any&term_query%5Bfilters_attributes%5D%5B0%5D%5Bpred_uri%5D=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FOBA_VT0100005&term_query%5Bresult_type%5D=record
Data from: Geohistorical records indicate no impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on oyster body size
Documentation of the near- and long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, one of the largest environmental disasters in US history, is still ongoing. We used a novel before-after-control-impact analysis to test the hypothesis that average body size of intertidal populations of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting impacted areas in Louisiana decreased due to increased stress/mortality related to the oil spill. Time-averaged death assemblages of oysters were used to establish a pre-spill baseline of body-size structure for four impacted and four control locations along a 350 km stretch of Louisiana's coastline. Post-spill body sizes were then measured from live oysters at each site in order to evaluate the differences in body size between oiled (i.e. impact) and unoiled (i.e. control) locations before and after the spill. Our results indicate that average body size of oysters remained relatively unchanged after the oil spill. There were also no temporal patterns in temperature, salinity or disease prevalence that could have explained our results. Together, these findings suggest that oysters either recovered rapidly following the immediate impact of the DWH oil spill, or that its impact was not severe enough to influence short-term population dynamics of the oyster beds.
Data for: Ectoparasite population dynamics affected by host body size but not host density or water temperature in a 32-year long time series
<p>Host density, host body size, and ambient temperature have all been positively associated with increases in parasite infection. However, the relative importance of these factors in shaping long-term parasite population dynamics in wild host populations is unknown due to the absence of long-term studies. Here, we examine long-term drivers of gill lice (Copepoda) infections in Arctic charr (Salmonidae) over 32 years. We predicted that host density and body size and water temperature would all positively affect parasite population size and population growth rate. Our results show that fish size was the main driver of gill lice infections in Arctic charr. In addition, Arctic charr became infected at smaller sizes and with more parasites in years of higher brown trout population size. Negative intraguild interactions between brown trout and Arctic charr appear to drive smaller Arctic charr to seek refuge in deeper areas of the lake, thus increasing infection risk. There was no effect of host density on the force of infection, and the relationship between Arctic charr density and parasite mean abundance was negative, possibly due to an encounter-dilution effect. The population densities of host and parasite fluctuated independently of one another. Water temperature had negligible effects on the temporal dynamics of the gill lice population. Understanding long-term drivers of parasite population dynamics is key for research and management. In fish farms, artificially high densities of hosts lead to vast increases in the transmission of parasitic copepods. However, in wild fish populations fluctuating at natural densities, the surface area available for copepodid attachment might be more important than the density of available hosts.</p>
Data from: Mate choice for body size leads to size assortative mating in the Ryukyu Scops Owl Otus elegans
<p>Understanding evolutionary phenomena that involve size assortative mating, requires elucidating the generating mechanisms on which assortment is based. Although various mechanisms have been suggested, their relative importance may differ across taxonomic groups. Males selecting for large, fecund females combined with the dominance of large males in the competition for females, has been suggested as a major mechanism in specific groups. However, raptors do not appear to conform to this, because the selection for smallness among males (assumed in a theory of reversed sexual size dimorphism) and the selection for largeness among males (assumed in the theory of size assortative mating) are in opposite directions. We studied the assortative mating during a long-term study of the Ryukyu Scops Owls <em>Otus elegans</em> interpositus. Significant assortative mating was found for culmen length (from the base to the tip of the bill) and wing length (from the bend of the wing to the tip of the longest primary). Statistical control of the spatial and temporal accessibility of potential mates did not affect the assortment. Males with short wings had slightly higher fitness components than those with long wings, and females settling early tended to have small wings. Considering that early-settling females can preferentially choose their mates, these results suggest that smaller females have an advantage when choosing smaller males with good reproductive performance. Improved flying and hunting ability of smaller individuals may be the background of choosing smaller individuals. We propose that, not passive process like similarity between individuals and their potential mates, but active mate choice for small individuals is an explanation for the assortative mating in this owl.</p>
Data for: Beyond latitude: Temperature, productivity, and thermal niche conservatism drive global body size variation in Odonata
<p><strong><span>Aim</span></strong><span>: </span><span>So far, </span><span>latitudinal body size-clines have been primarily discussed in the context of thermoregulation, sensu Bergmann. However, body size patterns are ambiguous in ectotherms and this heterogeneity remains poorly understood. We tested whether Bergmann's rule and the resource availability rule which states that energetic requirements determine species' body size, apply to damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata). Furthermore, we hypothesised that the contrasting effects of thermoregulation and resource availability (e.g. productivity) can obscure the overall gradient in body size variation.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: </span><span>Global</span></p> <p><span><strong>Time</strong> <strong>period</strong>: </span><span>Contemporary</span></p> <p><span><strong>Major</strong> <strong>taxa</strong> <strong>studied</strong>: </span><span>Odonata</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> Using data for 43% of all odonate species described so far, we tested our hypotheses in phylogenetically and spatially comparative analyses at assemblage and species level. </span><span>For the distribution data, we integrated expert range maps and ecoregional ranges based on all available occurrence records. To distinguish between long-term versus evolutionarily recent responses of environmental drivers in body size, we constructed a phylogenetically informed classification of all odonate species and decomposed the body size into its phylogenetic and specific component for our subset of species.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span>We documented a weak positive relationship between body length and latitude but found strong and contrasting effects for temperature between dragonflies and damselflies and consistent positive effects for productivity that explained 35%–57% of body size variation. Moreover, we showed a strong phylogenetic signal in sized-based thermoregulation that shaped the distribution of dragonflies, but not of damselflies.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusion</strong>: </span><span>We concluded that temperature, productivity, and conservatism in size-based thermoregulation synergistically determine the distribution of ectotherms, while the taxon-specific importance of these factors can lead to contrasting results and weak latitude–size relationships. Our results reinforce the importance of body size as a determinant of species distributions and responses to climate change.</span></p>
Data from: Fertilization mode covaries with body size
<p>The evolution of internal fertilization has occurred repeatedly and independently across the tree of life. As it has evolved, internal fertilization has reshaped sexual selection and the covariances among sexual traits such as testes size and gamete traits. But it is unclear whether fertilization mode also shows evolutionary associations with traits other than primary sex traits. Theory predicts that fertilization mode and body size should covary, but formal tests with phylogenetic control are lacking. We used a phylogenetically-controlled approach to test the covariance between fertilization mode and adult body size (while accounting for latitude, offspring size, and offspring developmental mode) among 1,232 species of marine invertebrates from 3 phyla. Within all phyla, external fertilizers are consistently larger than internal fertilizers: the consequences of fertilization mode extend to traits that are only indirectly related to reproduction. We suspect that other traits may also coevolve with fertilization mode in ways that remain unexplored. </p>
Correlation between body size and longevity: new analysis and data covering six taxonomic classes of vertebrates
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Large bodied species are known to live longer than small bodied species. However, it is less clear whether the positive correlation varies across taxa. In this short communication, we combine data entries from literature and databases on body mass and maximum life span for 3722 species covering </span><span>taxonomic Classes <span><em><span>Chondrichthyes</span></em><span>, <em>Teleostei, Amphibia</em>, <em>Reptilia, Aves</em><span>, and</span><em> Mammalia</em>.</span> </span>We then analyze the log(maximum life span) – log(body mass) relationship using generalized linear model with nested random intercepts and slopes for Class/Order/Family. Our analyses generally demonstrate the positive longevity – body mass relationship but also reveal that slopes and intercepts differ slightly among all Classes except <em>Reptilia</em> and <em>Amphibia</em>. Highest slopes can be found in Classes <em>Aves</em> and <em>Chondrichthyes</em>. Differences between the smallest and largest Family-level slopes was more than threefold. While these preliminary analyses provide a brief overview of body size – longevity relationships across taxa, the dataset collated in the present study could serve as a start point for in-depth phylogenetic analyses to uncover complex pathways through which body size and its correlates might have evolved. </span></p>
Data from: The fat body cortical actin network regulates Drosophila inter-organ nutrient trafficking, signaling, and adipocyte cell size
<p>Defective nutrient storage and adipocyte enlargement (hypertrophy) are emerging features of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. How the cytoskeletal network contributes to nutrient uptake, fat storage, and adipocyte size remains poorly understood. Utilizing the <em>Drosophila</em> larval fat body (FB) as a model adipose tissue, we show that a specific actin isoform—Act5C—forms the cortical actin network necessary for inter-organ lipid trafficking. Act5C also promotes FB tissue expansion during larval development so larvae can store sufficient biomass for metamorphosis. We find FB-specific loss of Act5C, but not other <em>Drosophila</em> actins, perturbs FB triglyceride (TG) storage in lipid droplets (LDs), resulting in developmentally delayed larvae that fail to develop into flies. Act5C localizes to the FB cell surface where it intimately contacts peripheral LDs (pLDs), forming a cortical actin network together with spectrins for cell architectural support. While both the cortical actin and spectrin cytoskeletons maintain FB cell surface architecture, we find that only the actin network is required for fat storage. Mechanistically, we show that FBs lacking the Act5C cortical cytoskeleton exhibit a block in lipoprotein (Lpp) secretion from FB cells, and a subsequent disruption of gut:FB inter-organ lipid transport, resulting in mid-gut fat accumulation. Utilizing temporal RNAi-depletion approaches, we also reveal that Act5C is indispensable post-embryogenesis during larval feeding to promote FB cell expansion. Act5C-deficient FBs fail to expand cell sizes, leading to lipodystrophic larvae unable to accrue sufficient biomass for metamorphosis. Collectively, we propose that the Act5C-mediated cortical actin network of <em>Drosophila</em> adipose tissue plays an essential role in post-embryonic inter-organ nutrient transport and FB cell size determination for organismal energy homeostasis and development.</p>
Data from: Brood size, food availability, and body size affects male care decisions and offspring performance
<p>Parental care strategies do not only vary greatly across species, but also within species, there can be substantial between- and within-individual variation in parental care behaviour. To better understand the evolution of care strategies, it is crucial to determine how and when parents modify their behaviour in response to internal as well as environmental factors. Here, we investigated the effect of brood size, resource size and an individual's quality on care strategies of uniparental males and examined the downstream consequences on offspring performance in the burying beetle <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em>. Burying beetles breed on small vertebrate cadavers and, on average, males invest much less in care than females. Nevertheless, we found that uniparentally caring males were responsive to their social and non-social environment and adjusted the amount as well as the type of care to the size of the brood, the size of the cadaver and their own body size. Additionally, we show that the care strategies affected offspring performance. Specifically, males that cared longer had larger and more surviving larvae. Our results add to our understanding of plastic parenting strategies by showing that even the sex that provides less care can evolve a very flexible care behaviour.</p>
Code and source data for the paper: "Heat over heritability: increasing body size in response to global warming is not stabilized by genetic effects in Bechstein's bats"
<p>The first two script include code for the model building testing different fixed effect strucutes.</p> <p>The next two script includes all code for the descriptive analysis, all figures, as well as the animal models that compare heritabilty between the different environments (Q1-Q4) as well as between the birth environments differentials of mothers and daughters.</p> <p>Data contain the pedigree ('pedigree_Model_cod.csv'), further information ('pedigree_information_cod.csv) and weather data ('Weather_summer.csv')</p>
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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