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Fig. 3 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 3.—Skulls of male (left) and female (right) wild yaks (Bos mutus) from Yeniugou, central Qinghai, China, highlighting relative mass and sexual dimorphism in skull size and horn shape. Photograph courtesy of Daniel J. Miller.

Fig. 2 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 2.—Distribution of the wild yak (Bos mutus) is restricted to the Tibetan Plateau of western China and includes at least 20 fragmented populations; map adapted from Schaller (1998:131) with updates from R. B. Harris (pers. comm.).

Fig. 5 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 5.—Two adult male Capra ibex in a low stretch position next to an adult female in Valnontey, Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy, December 1998. Photograph courtesy of Stefano Unterthiner.

Fig. 4 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 4.—Two adult male Capra ibex fighting in Valnontey, Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy, December 1998. Photograph courtesy of Stefano Unterthiner.

Fig. 1 in Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 1.—Mature male wild yak (Bos mutus) in Yeniugou, central Qinghai, China. Photograph courtesy of Milo Burcham (www. milophotos.com).

Fig. 3 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 3.—Distribution of Capra ibex in southern Europe: hatching represents current distribution and the cross-hatched area indicates the only surviving population in the 19th century (adapted from Shackleton 1997).

Fig. 2 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium and lateral view of mandible of an adult male Capra ibex (British Museum [Natural History] specimen 79.11.21.491). Occipitonasal length is 220 mm but a portion of the premaxilla is absent.

Fig. 1 in Capra ibex (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

Fig. 1.—Adult male Capra ibex lip-curling at an adult female in Valnontey, Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy, December 1998. Photograph courtesy of Stefano Unterthiner.

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FIGURE 6 in Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)

FIGURE 6. Maximum clade credibility Bayesian total evidence topology (opposite page, above, and next page). Extinct species are labeled Ancient DNA or Fossil to denote how they appear in the matrix. Posterior probabilities for each node over 0.5 are represented as scaled circles. Divergence dates estimated from fossil calibrations are represented in millions of years. Note the estimated divergence time of the clade Oreotragini + Cephalophini + Antilopini was older than the estimated divergence of the rest of Antilopinae in which it belongs.

FIG. 5. — A in Contribution to the systematics and phylogeny of Bouvrain, 1982 (Mammalia, Bovidae)

FIG. 5. — A, One of the 32 most parsimonious trees with length 38, ECI: 0.60 that is preferred here. A delayed transformation scenario has been chosen for characters Oc and Bo2 (see text). Character changes supporting nodes 1-6 are: Node 1 = *Hc4(1), *Pe(1) and obviously Hc7(1); Node 2 = Hc3(1), Hc7(2), Hc8(1); Node 3 = Hc9(1), Hc10(1), Oc(1), Bo1(2), Bo2(1); Node 4 = Hc3(0), *Hc4(0), Hc7(1), Hc8(0); Node 5 = *Hc2(1), *Hc1(1), Bo2(1), Oc(1), Cr(1); Node 6 = *Hc1(2), *Hc5(1), *Hc11(1), Bo1(1), *Su(1). Unambiguous character changes supporting the same nodes on both trees are marked with an asterisk. Characters supporting terminal taxa are all the same in the favored and most parsimonious trees except for Cr(1). Character coding as in Figure 4. Numbers in squares represent % values of bootstrapping support with 1000 pseudoreplicates; B, Distribution of cladogram lengths. Abbreviations: P., Prostr., Prostrepsiceros; h., houtumschindleri.

FIG. 3 in Contribution to the systematics and phylogeny of Bouvrain, 1982 (Mammalia, Bovidae)

FIG. 3. — Scatter diagram comparing the horn-core basal dimensions of several late Miocene spiral-horned antelopes. Prostepsiceros libycus Lehman & Thomas, 1987 is placed outside the present metrical frame; ●, P. vallesiensis Bouvrain, 1982 holotype; ○, P. vallesiensis RP1 114n, 115n; ◆, Dytikodorcas longicornis Bouvrain & Bonis, 2007; ■, P. vinayaki (Pilgrim, 1939) holotype; □, P. aff. vinayaki Baynunah; ▲, P. vallesiensis M. Sinap Loc. 40; ▲, Prostrepsiceros sp. M. Sinap Loc. 91; △, P. aff. vallesiensis Middle Sinap. Abbreviations: APD, anteroposterior diameter; DT, transverse diameter.

FIG. 2 in Contribution to the systematics and phylogeny of Bouvrain, 1982 (Mammalia, Bovidae)

FIG. 2. — Prostepsiceros vallesiensis Bouvrain, 1982 from RPl: A, B, C, lateral; D, posterior views. Scale bar: 4 cm.

FIG. 1 in Contribution to the systematics and phylogeny of Bouvrain, 1982 (Mammalia, Bovidae)

FIG. 1. — Prostrepsiceros vallesiensis Bouvrain, 1982, holotype skull RPl234: A, dorsal; B, lateral; C, occipital; D, ventral views. Scale bar: 4 cm.

FIG. 5 in Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the upper Miocene of Bulgaria, and a revision of the species

FIG. 5. — Principal component analysis on the most complete skulls. Symbols as for Fig. 3. Abbreviations: Braincase width, minimum width of braincase; bi pedicle, width over lateral borders of pedicles; Max.occ.width, maximum occipital width; horn- core, AP, antero-posterior diameter of horn-core; horn-core, Tr, transverse diameter of horn-core.

FIG. 4 in Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the upper Miocene of Bulgaria, and a revision of the species

FIG. 4. — Plot of upper premolar vs. upper molar length of Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848). Means and symbols as for Fig. 3.

FIG. 2 in Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the upper Miocene of Bulgaria, and a revision of the species

FIG. 2. — Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) from Hadjidimovo-1; A, lower tooth row (HD-2443); B, upper tooth row (HD-3664). Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 1 in Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the upper Miocene of Bulgaria, and a revision of the species

FIG. 1. — Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848), Hadjidimovo-1; A, skull HD- 5112, oblique antero-lateral view; B, same specimen, front view; C, skull HD-5120, oblique latero-ventral view of the cranial base. Scale bar: A, B, 10 cm; C, 5 cm.

FIG. 3 in Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the upper Miocene of Bulgaria, and a revision of the species

FIG. 3. — Plot of antero-posterior vs. transverse diameters of Palaeoreas lindermayeri (Wagner, 1848) horn-cores. Mean measurements for each site are underlined. They include also those specimens where only one measurement can be taken.

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FIG. 18 in Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937 and Miotragocerus Stromer, 1928 (Mammalia, Bovidae) from the Turolian of Hadjidimovo, Bulgaria, and a revision of the late Miocene Mediterranean Boselaphini

FIG. 18. — Cladogram of the main late Miocene Boselaphini taxa. Synapomorphies are shown for each node and for the terminal taxa. See Annexe: Table 5 for characters and states.