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101 results for “Cane Toad”
FIGURE 2. Dorsal x in The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species
FIGURE 2. Dorsal x-ray images of Rhinella marina skulls from one western and one eastern population. Circles show the anatomical landmarks described in Table 2. The red circles correspond to landmarks showing the greatest contributions to the shape differences between eastern and western populations. The red arrows indicate the direction of displacement of landmarks. The white vertical bars indicate differences in measurements in externally visible landmarks between eastern and western populations.
FIGURE 5 in The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species
FIGURE 5. Morphological differences in skull shape between east and west populations of Rhinella marina. Changes with respect to the average on the deformation grids (a) and morphospaces in the canonical variates (b) resulting from comparisons between eastern and western populations.
Fig. 3 in Fluctuating asymmetry and oxidative stress indicate environmental stress of Cane toads Rhinella marina
Fig. 3. Antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress of R. marina. a) SOD activity, b) Total antioxidant capacity units are Trolox nmol, c) Lipid peroxidation. Different letters show different means.
Fig. 2 in Fluctuating asymmetry and oxidative stress indicate environmental stress of Cane toads Rhinella marina
Fig. 2. а) Spatial conformation of landmarks to testing FA of the body of toads that consisted of 22 landmarks, where landmarks 1 and 12 were located on axis of the symmetry. b) The Procrustes consensus for all original and reflected configurations, being perfectly symmetric. c) The fluctuating asymmetry is shown as the difference between the averages of all original and reflected configurations (black dots). For comparison, the plot shows the overall symmetric (grey dots) and asymmetric Procrustes consensus and reflects variation of landmarks in left and right sides.
Fig. 1 in Fluctuating asymmetry and oxidative stress indicate environmental stress of Cane toads Rhinella marina
Fig. 1. Traits measured for fluctuating asymmetry assessment of the toad R. marina. Radius-Ulna (RU), Humerus (Hu), Femur (F), Tibia-Fibula (TF), Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalange (TMPh 1,2,3,4,5), Abdomen (Ab), Head (He). We measured the distance from the right side (Rw) and left side (Lw).
Larval and metamorph traits of cane toads
<p><span>As an invasive organism spreads into a novel environment, it may encounter strong selective pressures to adapt to abiotic challenges. We examined the effect of water temperature during larval life on rates of survival and growth of the early life-history stages of cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) from two geographic regions (tropical vs. temperate) in the species' invaded range in eastern Australia. If local adaptation at the southern (cool-climate) invasion front has extended the cold-tolerance of early life-stages, we would expect to see higher viability of southern-population toads under cooler conditions. Our comparisons revealed no such divergence: the effects of water temperature on rates of larval survival and growth, time to metamorphosis, size at metamorphosis and locomotor performance of metamorphs were similar in both sets of populations. In two cases where tropical and temperate-zone populations diverged in responses to temperature, the tropical animals performed better at low to medium temperatures than did conspecifics from cooler regions. Adaptation to low temperatures in the south might be constrained by behavioural shifts (e.g., in reproductive seasonality, spawning-site selection) that allow toads to breed in warmer water even in cool climates, by gene flow from warmer-climate populations, or by phylogenetic conservatism in these traits.</span></p>
Toxin cues affect cannibalism responses of cane toad tadpoles
<p>In many species cannibalism is uncommon and involves non-selective consumption of conspecifics as well as heterospecifics. However, within their invasive Australian range cane toad larvae (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) specifically target and voraciously consume the eggs and hatchlings of conspecifics, often extirpating entire clutches. In contrast, toad larvae rarely consume the eggs and hatchlings of native frogs.</p> <p>Here, we use laboratory studies to demonstrate that this selective consumption is triggered by species-specific chemical cues: maternally-invested bufadienolide toxins that otherwise defend cane toad eggs and hatchlings against predators. We find that these cues stimulate feeding behaviors in toad tadpoles, such that the addition of bufadienolide toxins to the water column increases predation on eggs, not only of conspecifics, but also of native anuran species that are otherwise usually ignored. In contrast, we find that cannibalism rates on conspecific hatchlings are high and unaffected by the addition of bufadienolide cues. The maternally-invested toxins present in conspecific eggs may therefore be more easily detected post-hatching, at which point tadpole feeding behaviors are induced whether or not additional toxin cues are present.</p> <p>As bufadienolide cues have previously been found to attract toad tadpoles to vulnerable hatchlings, our present findings demonstrate that the same toxin cues that attract cannibalistic tadpoles also induce them to feed, thereby facilitating cannibalism through multiple behavioral effects.</p> <p>Because native fauna do not produce bufadienolide toxins, the species-specificity of these chemical cues in the Australian landscape may have facilitated the evolution of targeted (species-specific) cannibalism in invasive cane toad populations. Thus, producing bufadienalide toxins confers a cost (increased vulnerability to cannibalism in early life-stages) as well as a benefit (reduced vulnerability to predation by other taxa).</p>
Rates of dispersal of cane toads during their global invasion
<p>Invasions often accelerate through time, as dispersal-enhancing traits accumulate at the expanding range edge. How does the dispersal behaviour of individual organisms shift to increase rates of population spread? We collate data from 44 radio-tracking studies (in total, of 650 animals) of cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) to quantify distances moved per day, and the frequency of displacement in their native range (French Guiana) and two invaded areas (Hawai'i and Australia). Here we show that toads in their native-range, Hawai'i and eastern Australia are relatively sedentary, while toads dispersing across tropical Australia increased their daily distances travelled from 20 to 200 m per day. That increase reflects an increasing propensity to change diurnal retreat sites every day, as well as to move further during each nocturnal displacement. Daily changes in retreat site evolved earlier than did changes in distances moved per night, indicating a breakdown in philopatry before other movement behaviours were optimised to maximise dispersal.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Redescription of the holotype of the cane toad Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIGURE 4. In dorsal view, the right arm featuring the forearm and hand is depicted. The holotype of Rana marina ZISP 256 (A), housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; and the female specimen RMNH41769 (B) from Paramaribo, Suriname housed in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. Image of the holotype was provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, while image of RMNH41769 was taken by A. Anker.
FIGURE 3 in Redescription of the holotype of the cane toad Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Rana marina (ZISP 256) housed in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) view of the body; dorsal (D) and lateral (E) view of the head; and ventral view of the hand (F) and foot (G). Images provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256 in Redescription of the holotype of the cane toad Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIGURE 2. Jar with the specimen ZISP 256, holotype of Rana marina, available in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. The jar has a label at the top (enlarged at the bottom of this figure) indicating that it is a Bufo marinus L.; "Kunstkamer"; "America merid.". Image provided by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian.
FIGURE 1 in Redescription of the holotype of the cane toad Rana marina Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Bufonidae)
FIGURE 1. Rana marina illustrated in Seba (1734), plate LXXVI, figure 1. (A) Black-and-white copy of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri (USA), available at . (B) Hand painted reprinted from the copy of the Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Washington DC (USA), available at . (C) Hand painted copy of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Data from: Locomotor performance of cane toads differs between native-range and invasive populations
Invasive species provide a robust opportunity to evaluate how animals deal with novel environmental challenges. Shifts in locomotor performance—and thus the ability to disperse—(and especially, the degree to which it is constrained by thermal and hydric extremes) are of special importance, because they might affect the rate that an invader can spread. We studied cane toads (Rhinella marina) across a broad geographical range: two populations within the species' native range in Brazil, two invasive populations on the island of Hawai'i and eight invasive populations encompassing the eastern, western and southern limits of the toad invasion in Australia. A toad's locomotor performance on a circular raceway was strongly affected by both its temperature and its hydration state, but the nature and magnitude of those constraints differed across populations. In their native range, cane toads exhibited relatively low performance (even under optimal test conditions) and a rapid decrease in performance at lower temperatures and hydration levels. At the other extreme, performance was high in toads from southern Australia, and virtually unaffected by desiccation. Hawai'ian toads broadly resembled their Brazilian conspecifics, plausibly reflecting similar climatic conditions. The invasion of Australia has been accompanied by a dramatic enhancement in the toads' locomotor abilities, and (in some populations) by an ability to maintain locomotor performance even when the animal is cold and/or dehydrated. The geographical divergences in performance among cane toad populations graphically attest to the adaptability of invasive species in the face of novel abiotic challenges.
Data from: The costs of parasite infection: effects of removing lungworms on performance, growth and survival of free-ranging cane toads
1.Most research on the effects of parasites on their hosts has focused on the parasites of mammals or birds (especially, domesticated taxa) rather than systems in which the hosts are ectothermic wildlife species. 2.We used experimental methods (antihelminthic drugs) to quantify the effects of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) on their anuran hosts, the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina). 3.In captivity, eradicating lungworms enhanced toad activity (measures of boldness and level of spontaneous activity), performance (locomotor speed, climbing ability), and foraging success (feeding rate). 4.In free-ranging toads (n = 123) at a site in tropical Australia, eradicating lungworm infection increased rates of host survival by 8%, movement by 20%, growth by 28% and elaboration of male secondary sexual characteristics by 30%. The presence of the lungworm thus has a substantial negative effect on fitness-related traits of the host. 5.Given their long shared evolutionary history and the mild inflammatory and immune response elicited by the parasite in the host, the magnitude of the effects of parasite removal were surprising. Parasites may impose hidden costs, related to modification of host behaviour or metabolism. Experimental removal of parasites can be a useful means of quantifying costs of infection.
Rates of expansion of invasive cane toads in New South Wales
<p><span>Geographical variation in abiotic and biotic conditions can significantly affect the rate that an invasive species expands its range. The colonisation of Australia by cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) has attracted extensive research, but mostly in tropical regions rather than cooler climatic zones. We assembled multiple datasets to characterise the historical spread of toads at their southern (cool-climate) invasion front in north-eastern New South Wales (NSW). Perhaps because toads are relatively easy to find, visual and acoustic surveys appear to be as effective as eDNA-based surveys in detecting the species' presence. Expansion of the toads' range in NSW has occurred through the establishment of satellite populations as well as by growth of the range-core. Overall rates of spread have been more than tenfold lower than on the tropical front (means of <5 km vs. >50 km per year), and in some decades, the toads' southern range has declined rather than expanded. Overall rates of spread since 1970 have accelerated to the south (through coastal habitats), but not to the west (into montane areas). The toads' range has expanded most rapidly in decades with dry, warm weather conditions, but predicted future changes to climate are likely to have only minor effects on rates of toad spread. Understanding historical patterns of toad invasion in NSW can clarify probable future spread, and hence identify priority areas for control programs.</span></p>
Data from: Field trials of chemical suppression of embryonic cane toads (Rhinella marina) by older conspecifics
<p>1. Laboratory experiments have shown that the viability of embryos of the invasive cane toad (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) can be reduced by exposure to chemical cues from older conspecific larvae. These effects (very strong in laboratory trials) may offer an exciting new approach to controlling this problematic invasive species in Australia. However, the degree to which the method works in natural environments has yet to be assessed.</p> <p>2. Our experiments in the laboratory and in semi-natural outdoor waterbodies show that chemical cues from tadpoles do indeed suppress the growth, development and survival of conspecific larvae that are exposed as embryos and do so in a dose-dependent manner; higher tadpole densities cause greater suppression of embryos.</p> <p>3. In semi-natural outdoor waterbodies, suppressor-exposed tadpoles were less than half as likely to survive to metamorphosis as were controls, and were much smaller when they did so and hence, less likely to survive the metamorph stage. Additionally, female cane toads were less likely to oviposit in a waterbody containing free-ranging (but not cage-enclosed) tadpoles, suggesting that the presence of tadpoles (rather than the chemical cues they produce) may discourage oviposition.</p> <p>4. Broadly, our results suggest that the suppression effect documented in laboratory studies does indeed occur in the field also, and hence that we may be able to translate that approach to develop new and more effective ways to reduce rates of recruitment of peri-urban populations of cane toads in their invasive range.</p>
Abundance of lungworm parasites in invasive cane toads from burned and unburned sites
<p>The frequency and severity of wildfires are increasing due to anthropogenic modifications to habitats and to climate. Post-fire landscapes may advantage invasive species via multiple mechanisms, including changes to host-parasite interactions. We surveyed the incidence of endoparasitic lungworms (<i>Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala</i>) in invasive cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) in near-coastal sites of eastern Australia, a year after extensive fires in this region. Both the prevalence of infection, and number of worms in infected toads, increased with toad body size in unburned areas. In contrast, parasite load decreased rather than increased with toad body size in burned areas. By killing moisture-dependent free-living lungworm larvae, the intense fires may have liberated adult cane toads from a parasite that can substantially reduce the viability of its host. Smaller toads, which are restricted to moist environments, did not receive this benefit from fires.</p>
Data from: Evolutionarily accelerated invasions: the rate of dispersal evolves upwards during the range advance of cane toads
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Data from: Behavioural tactics used by invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) to exploit apiaries in Australia
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Data from: Proximate mechanisms underlying the rapid modification of phenotypic traits in cane toads (Rhinella marina) across their invasive range within Australia
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