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Figure 7 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States

Figure 7. Lingual view of right dentitions of Carcharias taurus, Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov., and Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. (a–b) C. taurus, unnumbered specimen from Gordon Hubbell Collection, natural tooth set. (a) Upper dentition. (b) Lower dentition. (c–d) M. mackayi sp. nov., artificial tooth set. (c) M. mackayi sp. nov. upper dentition, from left to right: MSC 42411, paratype; MSC 42408, paratype; MSC 42413, paratype (reversed); MSC 42495; MSC 42718; MSC 42412, holotype; MSC 42421; MSC 42494; MSC 42497; MSC 42416 (reversed). (d) M. mackayi sp. nov. lower dentition, from left to right: MSC 42407, paratype; MSC 42405, paratype (reversed); MSC 42410, paratype; MSC 42406, paratype (reversed); MSC 42719 (reversed); MSC 42409, paratype; MSC 42500; MSC 42498; MSC 42501; MSC 42632. (e–f) M. parmleyi sp. nov., artificial tooth set. (e) M. parmleyi sp. nov. upper dentition, from left to right: SC2013.44.117, paratype; SC2013.44.119, paratype (reversed); SC2013.44.122, paratype (reversed); SC2013.44.120, paratype (reversed); SC2004.34.175, holotype (reversed); SC2004.34.178; SC2004.34.179; SC2004.34.177 (reversed); SC2013.44.1123 (reversed); SC2013.44.153; SC2004.34.38. (f) M. parmleyi sp. nov. lower dentition, from left to right: SC2013.44.128, paratype; SC2013.44.130, paratype; SC2013.44.132, paratype; SC2004.34.182, paratype; SC2013.44.157, paratype; SC2004.34.176 (reversed); SC2013.44.154; SC2013.44.155; SC2013.44.156; SC2004.34.181, paratype. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States

Figure 6. Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. lower-dentition hypodigm, Eocene (Bartonian) Clinchfield Formation, Hardie Mine, Wilkinson County, Georgia, USA. (a–e) SC2013.44.128, first lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Close-up of distal cusplet. (b) Basal view. (c) Labial view. (d) Lingual view. (e) Distal view. (f–j) SC2013.44.130, second lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (g) Basal view. (h) Labial view. i) Lingual view. (j) Mesial view. (k–o) SC2013.44.132, lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Closeup of distal cusplet. (l) Basal view. (m) Labial view. (n) Lingual view. (o) Mesial view. (p–t) SC2004.34.182, fourth lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (p) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (q) Basal view. (r) Labial view. (s) Lingual view. (t) Mesial view. (u–y) SC2013.44.157, lower left lateral tooth (paratype). (u) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (v) Basal view. (w) Labial view. (x) Lingual view. (y) Distal view. (z– ad) SC2004.34.181, lower right posterior tooth (paratype). (z) Close-up of distal cusplet. (aa) Basal view. (ab) Lingual view. (ac) Labial view. (ad) Mesial view. Labial at bottom in (b), (g), (l), (q), (v), and (aa). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States

Figure 5. Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. upper-dentition hypodigm, Eocene (Bartonian) Clinchfield Formation, Hardie Mine, Wilkinson County, Georgia, USA. (a–e) SC2013.44.117, first upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Basal view. (b) Labial view. (c) Lingual view. (d) Mesial view. (e) Close-up of distal cusplet. (f–j) SC2013.44.119, second upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Basal view. (g) Labial view. (h) Lingual view. (i) Mesial view. (j) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (k–o) SC2013.44.122, third upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Basal view. (l) Labial view. (m) Lingual view. (n) Mesial view. (o) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (p–t) SC2013.44.120, upper left intermediate tooth (paratype). (p) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (q) Labial view. (r) Lingual view. (s) Mesial view. (t) Basal view. (u–y) SC2004.34.175, upper left lateral tooth (holotype). (u) Close-up of mesial denticle and cusplets. (v) Labial view. (w) Lingual view. (x) Mesial view. (y) Basal view. Labial at top in (a), (f), (k), (t), and (y). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 2 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States

Figure 2. Generalized location and surface stratigraphy of the Hardie Mine site, Wilkinson County, GA, USA. (a) Geographic maps showing the location of the Hardie Mine site in country, state, and county contexts. (b) Middle to late Eocene lithostratigraphic units formerly exposed in the mine. Shaded areas on the stratigraphic chart represent unconformities.

Figure 3 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States

Figure 3. Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov. upper-dentition hypodigm, Paleocene (Danian) Pine Barren Member of the Clayton Formation, site ALn-13, Lowndes County, Alabama, USA. (a–e) MSC 42411, first upper right anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Basal view. (b) Labial view. (c) Lingual view. (d) Mesial view. (e) Close-up of distal cusplet. (f–j) MSC 42408, second upper right anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Basal view. (g) Labial view. (h) Lingual view. (i) Mesial view. (j) Close-up of distal cusplet and denticle. (k–o) MSC 42413, third upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Basal view. (l) Labial view. (m) Lingual view. (n) Mesial view. (o) Close-up of distal cusplet. (p–t) MSC 42412, upper lateral tooth (holotype). (p) Basal view. (q) Labial view. (r) Lingual view. (s) Mesial view. (t) Close-up of distal cusplet and denticle. Labial at top in (a), (f), (k), and (p). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 9 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States

Figure 9. Variation in denticle and cusplet morphology on Mennerotodus teeth. (a–f) Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. (a) SC 2013.44.125, upper right lateral tooth in labial view. (b) SC 2004.34.19, upper left lateral tooth in labial view (reversed). (c) SC 2013.44.78, fourth lower left anterior tooth in labial view. (d) SC 2004.34.185, upper right lateral tooth in labial view. (e) SC 2013.44.158, upper left lateral tooth in labial view. (f) SC2013.44.151, second lower right anterior tooth in mesial view. (g–l) Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov., teeth in labial view. (g) MSC 42408, second upper right anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (h) MSC 42412, upper left lateral tooth (holotype; reversed). (i) MSC 42410, third lower right anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (j) MSC 42405, second lower right anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (k) MSC 42406, fourth lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (l) MSC 42409, lower right lateral tooth (paratype; reversed).

Figure 6 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 6. Ventral view of pelvic girdle of Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. a. Holotype, (CSIRO H1816–02, male, 446 mm TL); b. Paratype (CSIRO H2574–06, female, 428 mm TL). fig. abbreviations: ilp–iliac process, obf–obturator foramina, prep–prepelvic process.

Figure 5 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 5. Lateral view of left scapulocoracoid of Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. Paratype (CSIRO H2574–06, mature female, 428 mm TL). fig. abbreviations:ab–anterior bridge, ac–anterior corner, adf–anterodorsal fenestra, avf–anteroventral fenestra, msc–mesocondyle, mtc–metacondyle, pdf–postdorsal fenestra, prc–procondyle, pvf–postventral foramina, rc–rear corner, scp–scapular process.

Figure 8 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 8. Right clasper cartilages of Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. Holotype (CSIRO H1816–02, 446 mm TL, male): a) lateral view; b) dorsal view; c) ventral view. fig. abbreviations: atr2–accessory terminal 2 cartilage, ax–axial cartilage, dmg–dorsal marginal cartilage, dtr1–dorsal terminal 1 cartilage, dtr2–dorsal terminal 2 cartilage, tb–terminal bridge, vmg–ventral marginal cartilage, vtr–ventral terminal cartilage.

Figure 3 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 3. Squamation on the mid-tail of Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. Holotype (CSIRO H1816–02, 446 mm TL, male). a. Dorsal view; b. Lateral view.

Figure 1 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 1. Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. Holotype (CSIRO H1816–02, 446 mm TL, male). a. Dorsal view; b. Ventral view.

Figure 7 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 7. Lateral view, partially expanded, of right clasper of Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. Holotype (CSIRO H1816–02, 446 mm TL, male). fig. abbreviations: cf–cleft, hy–hypopyle, pj–projection, pr– pseudorhipidion, rh–rhipidion, sl–slit, sp–spike.

Figure 4 in Notoraja hirticauda, a new species of skate (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) from the south-eastern Indian Ocean

Figure 4. Neurocranium of Notoraja hirticauda sp. nov. Paratype (CSIRO H1822–01, mature female, 372 mm TL: a. dorsal view; b. lateral view; c. posterior view). fig. abbreviations: ac–anterior cerebral vein foramen, af–anterior fontanelle, antc–antorbital condyle, bf–basal fenestra, end– endolymphatic foramen, es–efferent spiracular artery foramen, hf–hyomandibular facet, into–intercerebral vein foramen, ja–jugal arch, lbX– lateralis branch of vagus nerve foramen, obf–otic branch of facial nerve foramen, oc–occipital condyle, of–orbital fissure, onc–orbitonasal canal foramen, os–optic stalk, peri–perilymphatic nerve foramen, pf–posterior fontanelle, poc–preorbital canal, postp–postorbital process, prep– preorbital process, prof–profundus nerve foramen, pterp–pterotic process, ra–rostral appendix, rb–rostral base, rn–rostral node, rs–rostral shaft, II–optic nerve foramen, III–oculomotor nerve foramen, VII–hyomandibular branch of facial nerve foramen, IX–glossopharyngeal nerve foramen, X–vagus nerve foramen.

FIGURE 11 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 11. Elasmobranchian vertebrae (Elasmobranchii indet.) from the middle Eocene deposits of Vyshhorod: A, D – NMNHU-G 391/129; B, E – NMNHU-G 391/130; C, F – NMNHU-G 391/131. Anterior view in AC, posterior view in D-F.

FIGURE 12 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 12. Palaeogeographic map of the Peri-Tethyan area during the middle Eocene (after Bosboom et al., 2017, modified). The studied region is indicated with an asterisk.

FIGURE 10 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 10. Myliobatiform remains from the middle Eocene deposits of Vyshhorod: A-F – Myliobatidae gen. et sp. indet., teeth NMNHU-G 391/3/1-6; G-I – Myliobatiformes indet., caudal spine NMNHU-G 391/2, represented by three fragments.

FIGURE 8 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 8. Lamniform vertebrae (Lamniformes indet.) from the middle Eocene deposits of Vyshhorod: A, F – NMNHUG 391/118; B, G – NMNHU-G 391/119; C, H – NMNHU-G 391/120; D, I – NMNHU-G 391/121; E, J – NMNHU-G 391/ 122; K – NMNHU-G 391/136; L-N – NMNHU-G 391/137. Anterior view in A-E and K-L, posterior view in M, lateral view in F-J and N.

FIGURE 7 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 7. Vertebrae of Otodus (Carcharocles) sp. from the middle Eocene deposits of Zoloti Vorota (Kyiv): A-B – NMNHU-P PI 553; C-D, K – NMNHU-P PI 554; E-F – NMNHU-P PI 2314; G-H, M – NMNHU-P PI 2315; I-J, L – NMNHU-P PI 2316. Anterior view in A, C, E, G, and I, lateral view in B, D, F, H, and J. X-ray images are those in K-M (not to scale).

FIGURE 6 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 6. Lamniform shark teeth from the middle Eocene deposits of Vyshhorod: A-H – Macrorhizodus praecursor (Leriche, 1905), anterior teeth NMNHU-G 391/101 (A-B), anterolateral teeth NMNHU-G 391/103 (C-D), 391/69 (E-F), anterior tooth NMNHU-G 391/68 (G-H); I-P – Otodus (Carcharocles) sp., upper lateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/32 (I-J), lower anterolateral teeth, NMNHU-G 391/35 (K-M), lower anterolateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/26 (N-P). Labial view in A, C, E, G, I, K, and N, lingual view in B, D, F, H, J, M, and O, mesial view in L and P.

FIGURE 5 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine

FIGURE 5. Lamniform shark teeth from the middle Eocene deposits of Vyshhorod: A-F – Jaekelotodus trigonalis (Jaekel, 1895), lateral teeth NMNHU-G 391/62 (A-B), NMNHU-G 391/139/1 (C-D), NMNHU-G 391/139/2 (E-F); G-H – Mennerotodus cf. M. parmlei Cicimurri, Ebersole and Martin, 2020, lower anterior tooth NMNHU-G 391/71; I-L – Odontaspis winkleri Leriche, 1905, anterolateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/74 (I-J); lateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/79 (K-L); M-S – Isurolamna affinis (Casier, 1946), anterolateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/97 (M-N), anterior tooth NMNHU-G 391/94 (O-Q), lateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/95 (R-S). Labial view in A, C, E, G, I, K, M, O, and S, lingual view in B, D, F, H, J, L, N, P, and R, mesial view in Q.