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113 results for “Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory”
Riparian study: hourly microclimate data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1994 to 2007
This data set contains air temperature and soil temperature data from the control (hurricane) slope and treatment (manual rhododendron removal) slope on watershed 56 at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. The arrays of thermocouple sensors are arranged along transects that are parallel to the stream channel and 1, 5, and 15 m uphill for each slope. Data were collected from 1994 to 2007 when dataloggers were removed.
Riparian Study: Soil Moisture (TDR) from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1993 through 1995
TDR sites are located at intervals along the hillslope beginning 0-5 m from stream edge and continuing up the slope to the ridgetop near the edge of the white pines of WS 1. Originally, seventeen plots at two depths with three replicates each were installed. After the September 1995 collection, Hurricane Opal irreparably damaged three of the control plots. Fourteen plots remain and are measured on a biweekly basis.
Litter decomposition data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1993 to 1995
Litter bags (5 X 5 cm, 1mm nylon mesh) were filled with 5 0.2 g of air dried litter from R. maximum or Q. prinus (two dominant tree species in the watershed). The bags were then placed upon the soil surface along transects 1, 5, and 15 meters upslope from the stream (as described for microbial C and N). Bags were placed in the field in December, 1993. Three replicate bags of each litter type were collected from both sites and all transects, every three months. Upon retrieval, leaves were dried and cleaned of any residual soil particles. Samples were then weighed to determine percent weight loss, over time. In these data files, litter decomp studies are saved by species (Q. prinus or R. max) and then by distance from the stream (1, 5, or 15 meters). The # of days column is the amount of time the bags were in the field. % weight remaining is> the proportion of weight upon collection to initial weight. This is followed by the average % weight remaining for each collection date and its standard deviation. The average C/N is the C/N ratio for the litterbags, by collection date. The total C and N for litter was determined using the Carlo Erba Total C and N analyzer.
Riparian zone seedling establishment, growth, dynamics, and the influence of Rhododendron maximum soil moisture: forest floor data at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1997 to 2000
The effect of Rhododendron maximum, a dominate species in the riparian zones of the Southern Appalachians, on carbon, water, and nutrients en route to the streams is an ongoing study in the LTER research program at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. To study seedling establishment, growth, and dynamics in riparian zones one m2 quadrats have been established. There are four sites which include one treatment site, where the rhododendron has been removed from the riparian zone, one hurricane site, where there is extensive disturbance from Hurricane Opal, and two control sites, one upslope from the treatment site and one upstream from the hurricane site. Each of these fours sites have ten randomly located natural regeneration one m2 quadrats as well as four randomly located replicates of three adjacent one m2 quadrats. In each of the three adjacent quadrats, the litter was removed from the lower half to determine the effect of litter on the germination and growth of seedlings. Two of the adjacent quadrats have been broadcast seeded with Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Quercus rubra. In one of the two quadrats that have been broadcast seeded, a predator exclusion mesh screen, 1m x 1/2m with " openings, has been installed in the quadrat to determine the effect of small mammal predation on regeneration. Quadrats were installed on 24 April 1997 and an initial vegetation survey was conducted in May 1997. All seedlings were permanently tagged at this time and quadrat physical characteristics such as slope, aspect, and distance from stream were recorded. Broadcast seeding was done on 21 May 1997. Each year censuses will be conducted in spring and fall on each quadrat and seedling species, density, age, and annual height growth will be recorded. This project will help to document the effect of Rhododendron maximum on regeneration in the riparian areas as well as the effect of hurricane disturbance on regeneration.
Riparian study: soil water chemistry (lysimeters) yearly data (1993 to 1997) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory
These measurements are a part of a near-stream vegetation manipulation experiment conducted on WS 56 at Coweeta. The purpose of the project is to determine the effect of removal of streamside Rhododendron maximum on the export of nutrients and organic matter, on microbial community function, on downslope coarse woody debris transport, on seedling regeneration, and on microclimatic variables such as soil temperature and soil moisture. Two experimental hillslope transects that span topographic flowpaths from a local highpoint to the stream were instrumented with lysimeters in two soil horizons, the BA (20-25 cm deep) and the B (40-50 cm deep). The vegetation cut was conducted on the "treatment slope" in Aug 1995. Shortly thereafter, Oct 1995, hurricane Opal blew down a significant number of canopy trees on the "control slope." Due to this natural disturbance, the project was adjusted to contrast the effects of natural vs human disturbance - a bank of lysimeters above the cut area was unaffected and now serve as the control data for the project. The treatment slope has been renamed the "cut slope" and the hurricane impact slope has been renamed the "storm slope." The project uses a terrain-fitted hillslope hydrology model (TAPES-C, IHDM4 hybrid) to account for water flux and nutrient loading from the hillslope before and after the cut and storm impacts.
Dissolved organic carbon (doc) in stream water at watersheds 7, 14, and 27 at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays a critical role in stream ecosystem processes. This study seeks to examine long-term patterns in DOC concentration in stream water resulting from climatic variation and associated with recovery form clear-cutting. Watershed 7 was clear-cut in 1977 as part of a multi-investigator study examining the response of both the terrestrial and aquatic communities to commercial clear-cutting.
Leaf decomposition along the Ball Creek / Coweeta Creek elevational gradient at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1991 to 1992
This work was conducted in the southern Appalachian Mountains at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, USA from 1991 to 1992. We investigated in-stream leaf decomposition in different habitat patches using leaf species that varied in their speed of processing along a first fourth-order stream gradient. Most studies of stream disturbance have been from the perspective of point or non-point discharges that impinge directly on stream communities. Streams may also receive indirect impacts when the catchments they drain are disturbed by such activities as logging. Logging has been extensive in areas drained by small to intermediate streams throughout the United States, and few streams in the Eastern United States drain forests that have escaped logging. The present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of clear-cutting on the rates at which riparian tree leaves are comminuted by first-order stream communities in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Long term responses of first order streams to allochthonous and detrital manipulations at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC from 1984 to 2006
This dataset examines the long term effects of litter exclusion, small and large wood removal, and the addition of leaf species of varying detrital quality on organic matter standing crop, export of organic and inorganic particles, and invertebrate abundance and biomass in a high-gradient headwater stream. Pre-treatment and stream reference data are also included. This study was conducted at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory watersheds 53, 54, and 55 from years 1988 through 2006.
Shope Fork of Coweeta Creek streamflow at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1934 to 1999
Coweeta Watershed 08 is Shope Fork, one of the four headwater streams forming Coweeta Creek which drains into the Little Tennessee River near Otto (Macon County) North Carolina. WS089 has 759.6 ha, entirely forested except for gravel roads servicing research sites, and ranges in elevation from 701.6 m at the weir to 1600 m at the peak of Albert Mountain. The majority of the watershed has been covered with mixed deciduous forest for the entire period of record except for small clearings associated with raingage and climate station sites and watershed treatments. The two largest treatments were cutting of all forest vegetation on 43.7 ha in 1963 and 59.6 ha in 1977. Natural regeneration revegetated both areas quickly with canopy closure occurring within 10 years or less.
Water Level, Water Temperature, and Flow Measurements from the Ball Creek weir house #9, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC.
This data set contains water level, water temperature, and calculated discharge values from the Ball Creek weir house #9, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC. Using a pressure transducer, measurements are taken every 60 seconds with the average, minimum, and maximum values for water pressure and water temperature saved to the output data table hourly. Water level and discharge are calculated using the hourly average water pressure, and saved to the online data files.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Field Trip at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (Watershed 18) in 2004: Aquatic Invertebrates (Adult) data
As part of an educational project, we intend to conduct a short "bioblitz" that will focus on 4 major groups of organisms: (1) vertebrates, especially birds and salamanders; (2) the local flora, especially fungi, trees, and any herbaceous species present this early; (3) aquatic invertebrates; (4) terrestrial invertebrates. Data will be compared to available lists of taxa from Coweeta and Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Nutrient effects on a detritus-based stream ecosystem at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1998 to 2003
To determine the effects of nutrient enrichment in a detritus-based stream, we have continuously enriched a headwater stream with N and P for 4.5 years and quantified the response at different scales of stream structure and function: microbial, metazoan, and ecosystem. The effects of enrichment in the treatment stream (Watershed 54, WS54) were compared to conditions in the reference stream (Watershed 53, WS53) and one year of comprehensive baseline sampling was conducted in both streams prior to enrichment. Our first objective was to assess the effects of nutrient enrichment on growth and production of organisms. Our second objective was to determine the effects of nutrients on the fate of carbon resources, which were altered via increased microbial metabolism and invertebrate consumption.
Changes in water temperature in streams with progressive hemlock mortality at 8 Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory study sites from 2004 to 2013
The purpose of this study was to document changes in water temperature in 8 streams in areas affected by hemlock mortaity. Beginning in August 2004, one temperature logger was submerged at the downstream end of each of 8 small stream sites. Temperature was recorded a minimum of every 4 h. This study was conducted at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina. Stream sites were located on 1st and 2nd order streams reaches affected by hemlock death. Six sites were located in areas that have not been logged since the area became National Forest in the late 1920s and where streams passed through or were adjacent to permanent vegetation plots in which trees were measured in 1934-35, 1969-73 and 1988-93 (Elliott and Swank, 2008). Also included are data from two sites on WS 7 (Big Hurricane Branch), which was logged in 1977.
Salamander survival and growth cage experiment at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC
Climate change is predicted to alter biotic communities and, as a result, cause changes in ecosystem processes. Such predictions assume that future communities will lack species capable of compensating for the loss of other species. In southern Appalachian headwater streams, abundant larval Black-bellied Salamanders (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) represent a significant standing crop of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Desmognathus quadramaculatus are projected to be extirpated from the southern Appalachian highlands under most climate change scenarios, which would result in the loss of most salamander standing crop of limiting nutrients unless other species compensate for the loss of D. quadramaculatus biomass. Eurycea cirrigera, which has an abundant congener Eurycea wilderae already in the headwaters, and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus, which currently occurs in low densities in the headwaters, are projected to remain within southern Appalachian highlands. We used field cages to measure (1) the amount of compensatory survival and growth Eurycea would show in the absence of the larger, predatory D. quadramaculatus, and (2) whether replacement of D. quadramaculatus by G. porphyriticus, which is known to be a more efficient predator, would reduce Eurycea and total salamander biomass.
Desmognathus quadramaculatus excretion rate study at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC.
We examined the excretion rate of 18 Desmognathus quadramaculatus collected from W34 at Coweeta. Salamanders were collected and immediately placed in filtered stream water. They remained in the water for 24 hrs. Following excretion trials, animals were sacrificed, remaining water was filtered, and each was analyzed for levels of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Concentration of calcium in stream-dwelling Plethodontid salamanders across six streams located with the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC
We examined the concentration of calcium in several species of stream-dwelling plethodontid salamanders captured across six streams located within the Coweeta LTER site. %Ca was measured for 15 Eurycea wilderae, 15 Desmognathus ocoee, and 20 Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Because D. quadramaculatus larvae represent animals across a 3-4 year larval lifespan, for %Ca analysis we randomly sampled 6-8 D. quadramaculatus from each of three size classes: 18-25 mm SVL, 26-33 mm SVL, and 33-40 mm SVL.
Riparian disturbance restricts connectivity of Appalachian stream salamander populations at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory
Human populations are rapidly expanding and encroaching on previously undisturbed habitats. Stream salamanders in the southern Appalachian Mountains are a diverse and abundant group threatened by rapid exurban development in high-elevation watersheds. Previous research has demonstrated the sensitivity of salamanders to urbanization, but little research exists describing the mechanisms behind population declines and extirpations. Appalachian stream salamanders are adapted to forested streams with dense overstory and little light, yet following urbanization, light gaps associated with land clearing emerge. Light avoidance behaviors may alter movement behaviors of salamanders, fragmenting populations on opposite sides of light gaps. To study the effects on riparian disturbance on salamanders we established 6 experimental sites with canopy gaps ranging from 13m to 85m in stream length and 2 control sites lacking canopy gaps in May of 2010. Animals were collected within these plots, marked, and translocated to the plot on the opposite side of the gap. To establish detection probabilities in the absence of translocation, we established an additional 10m plot in the forest at each site where individuals were captured, marked, and re-released within this area. Recaptured individuals were measured and in some cases re-marked if those individuals had returned to their capture location.
Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest - microclimate station - midslope plot at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1996 to 2008
Tree stem temperature is currently being collected to determine both diurnal and seasonal variation in tree stem temperatures for all species and sizes present at the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest mid-slope plot. The purpose of the data is to characterize the tree stem temperature regimes as they relate to tree stem respiration. Data will continue to be collected indefinitely. Data will be subsequently summarized and published. This study supports project 4006: Southern Appalachian tree stem respiration. Resources for students about terms used in this study: Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest - Source: University of North Carolina-Asheville, National Forests Forest Carbon Cycling - Source: Coweeta Schoolyard LTER
Stem temperature at watershed 18, cove 218 gradient plot at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1996 to 1999
Tree stem temperature is currently being collected to determine both diurnal and seasonal variation in tree stem temperatures for all species and sizes present at the Coweeta Watershed 18 Cove 218 Gradient Plot. The purpose of the data is to characterize the tree stem temperature regimes as they relate to tree stem respiration. Data will continue to be collected until approximately December 1997. Data will then be subsequently summarized and published.
Aboveground biomass and nitrogen allocation of ten deciduous southern Appalachian tree species at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in 1997
Allometric equations were developed for mature trees of 10 deciduous species at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina, U.S.A. These equations included the following dependent variables: stem wood mass, stem bark mass, branch mass, total wood mass, foliage mass, total biomass, foliage area, stem surface area, sapwood volume, and total tree volume. High correlation coefficients (R2) were observed for all variables versus stem diameter, with the highest being for total tree biomass, which ranged from 0.981 for Oxdendrum arboreum to 0.999 for Quercus coccinea. Foliage area had the lowest R2 values, ranging from 0.555 for Quercus alba to 0.962 for Betula lenta. When all species were combined, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.822 for foliage area to 0.986 for total wood mass, total tree biomass, and total tree volume. Species with ring versus diffuse/semiring porous wood anatomy exhibited higher leaf area with a given cross-sectional sapwood area as well as lower total sapwood volume. Liriodendron tulipifera contained one of the highest foliar nitrogen concentrations and had consistently low branch, bark, sapwood, and heartwood nitrogen contents. For a tree diameter of 50 cm, Carya spp. exhibited the highest total nitrogen content whereas Liriodendron tulipifera exhibited the lowest.
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