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Fig. 5 in The Cranial Morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 5. Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, reconstruction of the vomer. — A. Left lateral view. B. Ventral view. The extreme posterior portion is unknown. The insets indicate which parts of the reconstruction are based on LACM 23844 and which on MOR 008. Scale bar 10 cm.

Fig. 4. Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, LACM 23844 in The Cranial Morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 4. Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, LACM 23844, left jugal in lateral view. — The presumed extent of the internal chambers is shown in dotted line. The medial foramen also so indicated, at the end of the short passage directed posterodorsally from the area of the lateral foramen. 0.3 X.

Fig. 8 in The Cranial Morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 8. Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, diagram of left articular in dorsal view. — Based on LACM 23844. The extent of the sinus chamber is indicated by the dotted line. 0.3 X.

Fig. 3. Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, LACM 23844 in The Cranial Morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 3. Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, LACM 23844, right lachrymal represented diagramatically in medial view. — The upper sinus chambers are exposed, and the chamber in the descending ramus is indicated by dotted lines. The position of the lateral foramen is also indicated in dotted line. 0.3 X.

Plate 5 in The Cranial Morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex

Plate 5 Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, Hell Creek Fm., Jordan (Montana), AMNH 5027 and LACM 23844. Fig. 1. Right jugal of LACM 23844 in ventral view, showing the presumed articular surface for the ectopterygoid (arrows). Fig. 2. Right jugal of LACM 23844 in lateral view, showing the articular surface for the lachrymal adjacent to scale bar. Fig. 3. Dorsal portion of left lateral temporal fenestra of AMNH 5027 in lateral view, showing the smooth surface (just in front of the "Sq.") interpreted as an attachment area for the external mandibular adductors. Scale bars 10 cm.

Plate 1 in The Cranial Morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex

Plate 1 Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, Hell Creek Fm., Jordan (Montana), LACM 23844. Fig. 1. Right lachrymal in lateral view. Fig, 2. Right lachrymal in medial view. The medial wall of the posterior part of the horizontal ramus is missing, revealing the internal chambers. Fig. 3. Right premaxilla in lateral view. The lateral tooth (arrow) has apparently been broken, after which the broken surface was planed off. Fig. 4. Left quadratojugal in medial view. The articular surfaces for the quadrate are seen at the left. Fig. 5. Left quadratojugal in lateral view. Scale bars 10 cm.

Fig. 5 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 5. The beaver Prodipoides burgensis (Korth, 2002) from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA. A. UNSM 49029, left p4–m3, from the Crookston Bridge Member in occlusal (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. FAM 64857, left p4–m2, from Devil's Gulch Member. Anterior to right.

Fig. 4 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 4. The beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA. A–C. Monosaulax skinneri Stout, 1999. D–F. Prodipoides dividerus (Stirton, 1935). Cheek teeth: A. FAM 64315, right p4–m2 from Devil's Gulch Member in occlusal (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. FAM 64317, right p4–m2 from Devil's Gulch Member. C. UNSM 49027, left P4–M3 from Crookston Bridge Member. D. FAM 64319, left p4–m3 from Devil's Gulch Member; in occlusal (D1) and medial (D2) views. E. FAM 64316, right p4–m2 from Devil's Gulch Member. F. FAM 64314, right p4–m2 (partial) from Crookston Bridge Member. Anterior to left for specimens of M. skinneri, anterior to right for specimens of P. dividerus.

Fig. 8 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 8. The beaver Temperocastor valentinensis (Stout, 1999), specimen UNSM 45392 from the Crookston Bridge Member equivalent at Myers Farm Quarry. Cranium in dorsal (A) and right lateral (B) views. C. Mandible in lateral view. Anterior to right.

Fig. 7. The beavers. A, B in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 7. The beavers. A, B. Eucastor tortus (Leidy, 1858) from th latest Barstovian Devil's Gulch Member of the Valentine Formation. C, D. Temperocastor valentinensis (Stout, 1999) from the late Barstovian Crookston Bridge Member equivalent of the Valentine Formation. Cheek teeth: A. FAM 65262, right p4–m2 in occlusal (A1) and medial (A2) views. B. CM 18876, left p4–m2. C. UNSM 46392, right P4–M3. D. UNSM 45385, right p4–m3. A, B, anterior to left; C, D, anterior to right.

Fig. 6 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 6. The beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA. A. Prodipoides burgensis (Korth, 2002). B. Eucastor tortus (Leidy, 1858). Left mandibles in lateral view. A. FAM 64857, from Crookston Bridge Member. B. FAM 64966, from the Devil's Gulch Member.

Fig. 3. The beaver Monosaulax skinneri Stout, 1999, specimen UNSM 49028 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 3. The beaver Monosaulax skinneri Stout, 1999, specimen UNSM 49028 from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA. Posterior fragment of skull. A. Cranial basis in ventral view (anterior to the top). B. Occipital plate in posterior view.

Fig. 1 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 1. Generalized stratigraphic section of the middle Miocene Valentine Formation in northern Nebraska (modified after Skinner and Johnson 1984: fig. 4 and Tedford et al. 2004: fig. 6.2). Striped area represents time gap of unconformity between members.

Fig. 9 in Cranial morphology, systematics and succession of beavers from the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska, USA

Fig. 9. Occurrence of the castoroidine species through the middle Miocene Valentine Formation of Nebraska. Width of members not intended to represent time or stratigraphic thickness of layers. Arrows indicate continued occurrence in superjacent layers.

FIGURE 11 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 11. Schematic sketches of the fronto-parietalsagittal crests of some specimens of Palaeocastor. 11.1) Palaeocastor wahlerti F:AM 64097; 11.2) Palaeocastor sp. SDSM 54209; 11.5) Palaeocastor nebrascensis UCMP 114635; Abbreviations as in Figure 9.

FIGURE 9 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 9. Schematic sketches of the fronto-parietalsagittal crests of some specimens of Capacikala to show variations and similarities. The position of the orbita is only indicated not meant to give details on the form. 9.1) Capacikala parris, FAM 64552; 9.2) Capacikala sp. SDSM 53344; 9.3) SDSM 533515; 9.4) SDSM 5489; 9.5) Capacikala gradatus JODA 621. Abbreviations: orb – orbita; nc – nuchal crest.

FIGURE 7 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 7. Pterygoid region of a skull of Recent Castor fiber from the Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden to indicate some morphological features for which size and scale are irrelevant. 6.1) in ventral view and 6.2) in lateral view.

FIGURE 2 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 2. Skull of Capacikala gradatus, JODA 621, John Day Fossil Beds, Oregon in photographs and interpretive drawings. 2.1) Photo in dorsal view of the specimen, 2.2) photo of lateral view (mirror image), 2.3) photo in ventral view, and 2.4) photo in distal view of the specimen; Scale bar equals 1 cm; 2.5) drawing of the dorsal view, 2.6) drawing of the lateral view and 2.7) drawing of the ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 1. Stratigraphic section of John Day Basin showing where the described skull of Capacikala gradatus (JODA 621) was found. Dates according to Albright et al. (2008).

FIGURE 6 in Cranial morphology of the Oligocene beaver Capacikala gradatus from the John Day Basin and comments on the genus

FIGURE 6. Comparative scatter diagram of the zygomatic width (zw) against the length of the skull of some fossil beavers (modified from Stefen 2010). Palaeocastor (Palaeoc.) sp. SDSM 4209, Capacikala gradatus (Capacik. grad.) JODA 621 and SDSM 5489, Capacikala parvus (Capacik. parvus) and "Capatanka" (Capat.) minor from Xu (1996, partially calculated from figure), Palaeocastor nebrascensis (Palaeoc. Nebrasc.) UCMP 114635 and "Capatanka" cankpeopi (Capat. cank.) LACM 22443., Palaeocastor (Palaeoc.) fossor, "Capatanka" (Capat.) magnus, Pseudopalaeocastor (Pseudopal.) barbouri, Euhapsis platyceps and E. ellicottae from Martin (1987).