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Fig. 2 in A new cryptic species of Polybiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunoidea) from the East Atlantic, with considerations on the genus Polybius

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences of species of Polybius Leach, 1820 and Liocarcinus Stimpson, 1871, using 2000 Bootstrap replicates. Number on nodes represent ML Bootstrap values, only values>70 are included. Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 and C. maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) are used as outgroup. GenBank accession codes are indicated for each species, except those with codes XX## which sequences are listed in Supp. file 1.

Fig. 1 in A new cryptic species of Polybiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunoidea) from the East Atlantic, with considerations on the genus Polybius

Fig. 1. Neighbor-Joning (NJ) phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences of species of Polybius Leach, 1820 and Liocarcinus Stimpson, 1871, using 2000 Bootstrap replicates. Number on nodes represent NJ Bootstrap values, only values> 70 are included. Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 and C. maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) are used as outgroup. GenBank accession codes are indicated for each species, except those with codes XX## which sequences are listed in Supp. file 1.

Fig. 4 in A new cryptic species of Polybiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunoidea) from the East Atlantic, with considerations on the genus Polybius

Fig. 4. Polybius dioscurus sp. nov., paratype, ♂, 36.7 mm CW, from Agadir Bay, Morocco. 30°26′ N, 09°40′ W – 30°18′ N, 09°37′ W, 6 to 25 m depth, May 1999 (CRUST_ICMAN/3762). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Right cheliped, facial view. C. Carpus of left cheliped. D. Dactylus of right pereiopods 5 and 4. E. Body in ventral view.

Fig. 15. Polybius henslowii Leach, 1820 in A new cryptic species of Polybiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunoidea) from the East Atlantic, with considerations on the genus Polybius

Fig. 15. Polybius henslowii Leach, 1820, ♂ from France, Bay of Biscay, cruise PELGAS 10, stn O.0627, chalut 68 (RBINS, INV. 187237). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Facial habitus. C. Ventral habitus. D. Carpus of right pereiopod.

Fig. 9 in A new cryptic species of Polybiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunoidea) from the East Atlantic, with considerations on the genus Polybius

Fig. 9. Polybius dioscurus sp. nov., paratypes from Belgium, between Nieuwpoort and Oostduinkerke (RBINS, INV. 187230), colour variation (in life) (sex not recorded during photo session).

Fig. 12 in A new cryptic species of Polybiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunoidea) from the East Atlantic, with considerations on the genus Polybius

Fig. 12. Polybius vernalis (Risso, 1827), ♂ from Bulgaria, Varna Bay (RBINS INV. 187236). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Carapace.

FIG. 5 in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

FIG. 5. Habitat characteristic of H. zangezurica (А) and adult individual found during egg-laying (B). Both photos were taken at locus typicus.

РИС. 3. Вскрытые особи H. zangezurica c раЗных участков. A. Типовое местонахождение (участок № 1). B. Между СраШеном и Цавом (участок № 5). С. Цав (участок № 6). D. Ваганаванк (участок № 7). Стрелками покаЗаны вагинальные придатки. МасШтаб 1 мм. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 3. Вскрытые особи H. zangezurica c раЗных участков. A. Типовое местонахождение (участок № 1). B. Между СраШеном и Цавом (участок № 5). С. Цав (участок № 6). D. Ваганаванк (участок № 7). Стрелками покаЗаны вагинальные придатки. МасШтаб 1 мм.

FIG. 2 in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

FIG. 2. The reproductive system of two conchologically similar species. A. Harmozica pisiformis after Schileyko (1978). B. Holotype of H. zangezurica after Gural-Sverlova et al. (2017b). Arrows indicate vaginal appendages.

РИС. 1. Расположение участков, на которых были собраны анатомически исследованные половоЗрелые особи Harmozica zangezurica. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 1. Расположение участков, на которых были собраны анатомически исследованные половоЗрелые особи Harmozica zangezurica.

РИС. 4. Раковины анатомически проверенных особей H. zangezurica с раЗных участков. A. Типовое местонахождение (участок № 1). B. Шикахох (участок № 2). С. СраШен (участок № 4). D. Ваганаванк (участок № 7). МасШтаб 5 мм. in Harmozica zangezurica (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) - a cryptic species of land molluscs from southern Armenia

РИС. 4. Раковины анатомически проверенных особей H. zangezurica с раЗных участков. A. Типовое местонахождение (участок № 1). B. Шикахох (участок № 2). С. СраШен (участок № 4). D. Ваганаванк (участок № 7). МасШтаб 5 мм.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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Social Context Affects Camouflage in a Cryptic Fish Species

Crypsis, or the ability to avoid detection and/or recognition, is an important and widespread anti-predator strategy across the animal kingdom. Many animals are able to camouflage themselves by adapting their body colour to the local environment. In particular, rapid changes in body colour are often critical to the survival of cryptic prey which rely on evading detection by predators. This is especially pertinent for animals subject to spatiotemporal variability in their environment, as they must adapt to acute changes in their visual surroundings. However, which features of the local environment are most relevant is not well understood. In particular, little is known about how social context interacts with other environmental stimuli to influence crypsis. Here we use a common cryptic prey animal, the goby (Pseudogobius species 2) to examine how the presence and body colour of conspecifics influences the rate and extent to which gobies change colour. We find that solitary gobies change colour to match their background faster and to a greater extent than gobies in pairs. Further, we find that this relationship holds irrespective of the colour of nearby conspecifics. This study demonstrates the importance of social context in mediating colour change in cryptic animals.

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Bemisia tabaci cryptic species: supplementary materials

This archive contains supplementary materials relating to the investigation of morphological differences in Bemisia tabcai puparia as rescribed in MacLeod, N., Canty, R.J., and Polazek, A., 2022, Morphology-based identification of Bemisia tabaci cryptic species puparia via embedded group-contrast convolution neural network analysis: Systematic Biology. The materials archived include (1) and inventory of all puparial images, (2) full sets of results files for the image-based t-SNE and embedded, group-contrasts CNN analyses, (3) Wolfram Mathematical™ scripting code lisitngs for the image processing and CNN software used in the analysis.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Supplementary material for "Oikopleura dioica, the cosmopolitan appendicularian hides multiple cryptic species around the globe"

18S and ITS sequences used to estimate phylogenetic trees for "Oikopleura dioica, the cosmopolitan appendicularian hides multiple cryptic species around the globe." To identify 18S rDNA genes from genome sequences, we searched genome sequences for the best-hit matches to the Rfam models for the eukaryotic small subunit (SSU; RF01960) and large subunit (LSU; RF02543) using cmsearch of the Infernal package (v.1.1.4). The SSU and LSU models from Rfam were downloaded in April 2021. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were obtained by extracting the region between SSU and LSU. Multiple sequence alignments for the 18S and ITS regions were created with MUSCLE (v5) within Seaview (v.3.2).

Figure 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 4. Average thorax profile of Lasius ponderosae sp. nov. (a) and members of the Palearctic L. nigercomplex (b). Figures were created by image averaging (L. ponderosae sp. nov n = 35; Palearctic L. niger-complex n = 30 specimens). Frontal view of head and detail of clypeus of the Holotype worker of L. ponderosae sp. nov. (c) and a non-type worker of L. niger (d).

Figure 5. Principal component plot for the 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 5. Principal component plot for the 4 most diagnostic morphometric variables (GUHL, dCLAN, MP6 and nSt) to distinguish individual specimens of Lasius ponderosae sp. nov. (n = 39) from those belonging to morphologically similar-looking Palearctic species (n = 49). For a definition of variables see Supplementary Table S3 and Fig. S1.

Figure 6 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 6. Projected occurrence probability from ecological niche modeling for the Palearctic ant Lasius niger which has been introduced to Canada, based on 19 climatic and one land use variable. The intensity of blue colour indicates the probability of occurrence on a 0–1 scale based on 180 presences (black circles) and 182 absences (white circles) in the native range in the Old World (a). The model was then projected to North America to estimate areas of suitable habitat for this introduced species (b). These maps have been created using the free R-package "ggplot2" v3.3.5 (https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org) in R v4.1.1.

Figure 2. Mitotype tree and distribution maps for 98 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 2. Mitotype tree and distribution maps for 98 DNA-barcodes belonging to 7 mitotypes of the ant Lasius niger (blue, n = 70) and 15 mitotypes of L. ponderosae sp. nov. (red, n = 28). The red dashed line delimits the expected natural range of L. ponderosae sp. nov.53 Maps have been created using the free R-package "ggmap" v3.0.0 (https://github.com/dkahle/ggmap) in R v4.1.1. Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 3.0.

Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 3. Frontal, lateral and dorsal view of the holotype worker (a–c), a paratype gyne (d–f) and a paratype male of Lasius ponderosae sp. nov. (g–i).

Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in North American Lasius ants, and an overlooked introduced species

Figure 1. Molecular phylogeny of 26 Holarctic ant taxa belonging to the subgenus Lasius sensu Wilson (1955) and two outgroup taxa (L. pallitarsis and L. mixtus). The phylogeny was calculated under the coalescent model and incorporates data from 9 genes (mtDNA: COI, COII, 16S, nuDNA: Defensin, H3, LR, Wg, Top1 & 28S). Names of species native to the Nearctic are shown in red and those of species native to the Palearctic in blue. Node labels show posterior probability (Bayesian inference) followed by bootstrap support (Maximum likelihood). The scale bar indicates the length of 0.01 substitutions/site.