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393 results for “Cuckoo”
Fig. 5 in Preliminary revision of the Indian cuckoo wasp genera Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)
Fig. 5. Trichrysis poseidonia sp. nov., ♀, holotype (NHME). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, lateral view. C. Head, frontal view. D. Metasoma, postero-lateral view. E. Metasoma, dorsal view. F. Metasoma, ventral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Fig. 3. Chrysis spectrum Wickar, 1908 in Preliminary revision of the Indian cuckoo wasp genera Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)
Fig. 3. Chrysis spectrum Wickar, 1908, ♀, lectotype (NHMUK). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Habitus, posterior view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Fig. 4 in Preliminary revision of the Indian cuckoo wasp genera Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)
Fig. 4. Trichrysis lusca (Fabricius, 1804), ♀, holotype (HNHM). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Mesosoma and T1, dorso lateral view. C. Habitus, dorsal view. D. Metasoma, posterior view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Fig. 1 in Preliminary revision of the Indian cuckoo wasp genera Trichrysis Lichtenstein, 1876 and Chrysidea Bischoff, 1910, with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)
Fig. 1. Trichrysis bengalensis (Mocsáry, 1889), ♀, holotype (HNHM). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Head and mesosoma, lateral view. E. Metasoma, dorsal view. F. Metasoma, lateral view. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Data for: Aggressive hosts are undeterred by a cuckoo's hawk mimicry, but probably make good foster parents
<p>Parasites face a trade-off if the highest quality hosts are also most resistant to exploitation. For brood parasites, well-defended host nests may be both harder to parasitize and harder to predate, leading to better survival of parasitic chicks. This trade-off could be accentuated if brood-parasitic adaptations to reduce front-line defences of hosts, such as mimicry of hawks by Cuculus cuckoos, do not deter hosts which aggressively mob raptors. Here we investigate the costs and benefits to the African cuckoo (Cuculus gularis) of specializing on a highly aggressive host species, the fork-tailed drongo (Dicrurus adsimilis). Field experiments showed that drongos strongly attacked and mobbed both cuckoo and hawk models, implying that hawk mimicry does not deter front-line defences against African cuckoos. Attacks on cuckoo and hawk models generally declined after the egg stage but attacks on snake models sharply increased, suggesting drongos may treat hawks more like cuckoos than predators. We suggest that the cost to cuckoos of parasitizing an aggressive host may be alleviated by subsequent benefits to their offspring, since drongo nests survived better than nests of other species with similar nesting ecology. These results are indicative of a trade-off between host quality and susceptibility for a brood parasite.</p>
Low incidence of sibling cannibalism among brood parasitic cuckoo catfish embryos
<p>Brood parasites have demanding needs of host resources. Brood parasitic offspring are highly competitive and frequently cause the failure of host broods and the survival of a single parasitic offspring. Accordingly, virulent brood parasites lay single eggs in host nests to minimize multiple parasitism and ensuing sibling competition. In the cuckoo catfish (<em>Synodontis multipunctatus</em>), which parasitise mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika, the modes of host and parasite oviposition lead to frequent cases of multiple parasitism. We experimentally tested the prediction that multiple parasitism leads to frequent siblicide. Cuckoo catfish embryos prey upon host offspring to obtain nourishment during their 3-week development in the host buccal cavity and may also consume conspecific siblings. The potential benefits of siblicide in the system are, therefore, twofold: to decrease competition for limited resources (i.e. host brood with rich yolk sacs) and to directly obtain nourishment by consuming rivals. We found that sibling cannibalism indeed provided measurable benefits in terms of increased growth of the cannibals, but sibling cannibalism was rare and typically occurred only when all host offspring had been consumed. This implies that cannibalism in the cuckoo catfish embryos emerges to mitigate starvation rather than eliminate sibling competition. </p>
Lack of host specialization despite selective host use in brood parasitic cuckoo catfish
<p><span>Host-parasite dynamics involves coevolutionary arms races, commonly leading to host specialization. General understanding of evolutionary trajectories of specialization in brood parasites is compromised by restricted focus on bird and insect lineages. We studied host utilization and host specificity in a natural population of the cuckoo catfish (<em>Synodontis multipunctatus</em>) which is an obligate parasite of parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. On a sample of 779 host broods from 20 cichlid species, we detected four host species (with prevalence of parasitism of 2-18%). Phylogenetic analysis based on genomic (ddRAD sequencing) and mitochondrial (Dloop) data from cuckoo catfish embryos showed an absence of host-specific lineages, despite former indications of two morphological forms of the cuckoo catfish. This was corroborated by analyses of genetic structure and co-ancestry matrix. All host species were from the tribe Tropheini, maternal mouthbrooders that spawn over a substrate (rather than in open water). Parasitized host individuals carried smaller clutches (as cuckoo catfish prey on cichlid eggs), but did not differ in their body size or habitat use from non-parasitized conspecifics. We conclude that the cuckoo catfish is an intermediate generalist, selecting a subset of available cichlid species as hosts but not forming host-specific lineages. Brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish arose in a lineage which lacks any parental care and we discuss costs and benefits of host specialization in this species and brood parasites in general.</span></p>
Figure 3. After extracting a in Observations Of Novel Feeding Tactics In Guira Cuckoo Guira Guira (Aves: Cuculidae)
Figure 3. After extracting a larva the cuckoos descended to the ground to soften it up before consumption.
Figure 2 in Observations Of Novel Feeding Tactics In Guira Cuckoo Guira Guira (Aves: Cuculidae)
Figure 2. Guira Cuckoo Guira guira inserting its bill into the silk nest of Brassolis sophorae to extract a larva.
Low incidence of sibling cannibalism among brood parasitic cuckoo catfish embryos
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Data from: Costly conspicuousness reveals benefits of sexual dimorphism in brood parasitic diederik cuckoos
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Data for: Aggressive hosts are undeterred by a cuckoo's hawk mimicry, but probably make good foster parents
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Lack of host specialization despite selective host use in brood parasitic cuckoo catfish
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Microsatellites genotyping for common and lesser cuckoos
<p>In a parasite species, the dispersal of individuals should be dependent on host species to which they are specialized; thus, any sexual/individual difference in host specificity may influence their dispersal patterns, and hence, population genetic structures. However, such predictions remain poorly verified in generalist avian brood parasites that is composed of multiple lineages of host-specific races. Here, we show the dispersal consequences inferred from spatial genetic structures and their association with host specificity in brood parasitic common cuckoos <i>Cuculus canorus</i> in which female-specific host race formation has been widely accepted. Genetic sampling from adult cuckoos confirmed restricted dispersal in both sexes and resultant genetic structures between populations where different host species breed allopatrically, whereas it was not the case between distant areas inhabited by the same host species. Contrary to the female host race hypothesis, our results demonstrate that male cuckoos may also have host specificity and disperse accordingly, conclusively allowing us to hypothesize the formation of host race including both sexes.</p>
Coevolution with hosts underpins speciation in brood parasitic cuckoos
<p>Coevolution is considered to be a likely driver of speciation, but evidence linking macroevolutionary patterns to microevolutionary processes is scarce. We report that coevolution with hosts drives divergence in bronze-cuckoos. Bronze-cuckoo hosts reject cuckoo nestlings, selecting for mimicry of host nestlings by cuckoos. This has generated a diversity of bronze-cuckoo nestling morphologies matching those of their respective hosts across their geographic range and promotes diversification in sympatry; little bronze-cuckoos that exploit multiple host species in sympatry show evidence of genetic differentiation and corresponding divergence in nestling morphology. This process is reflected in macroevolutionary patterns: rates of speciation are faster in virulent cuckoos than in more benign species and simulation models indicate greater support for a sympatric mode of speciation in bronze-cuckoos than in sister taxa.</p>
The risk of brood parasitism does not affect levels of extra-pair paternity in a cuckoo host
<p>In socially monogamous bird species, extra-pair paternity is common, but its level varies considerably within and among species. For hosts of brood parasites, the risk of brood parasitism may influence the costs of engaging in extra-pair copulations (e.g., leaving the nest undefended) and the benefits of having extra-pair young (e.g., spreading the risk of nest predation). However, whether brood parasitism risk affects extra-pair behavior in host species has rarely been tested. We investigated whether variation in the risk of brood parasitism affected levels of extra-pair paternity in Daurian redstarts, a socially monogamous passerine. As a common host of the common cuckoo, the redstart is unique in that its first clutch of the year takes place before the arrival of cuckoos. As a consequence, redstarts experience large seasonal variation in cuckoo parasitism risk, with no parasitism in the first egg-laying period and a high risk in the second period. We genotyped 995 nestlings (and unhatched eggs) from 181 broods and found moderate levels of extra-pair paternity, with 34.8% of broods containing at least one extra-pair young and 11.7% of all offspring being sired by an extra-pair male. However, levels of extra-pair paternity did not differ between the first and the second egg-laying period. Also, experimentally simulating parasitism risk during the first egg-laying period by broadcasting cuckoo vocalizations and presenting taxidermic models of cuckoos did not affect levels of extra-pair paternity in redstarts. Our results, therefore, suggest that the risk of brood parasitism does not affect host extra-pair paternity.</p>
Videos of Common Cuckoos parasitizing their Reed Warbler hosts in China
<p>Dataset including eight .mp4 videos:</p> <p>Videos 1-3: Egg laying by female cuckoos in host nests.</p> <p>Video 4: The host collected the nest materials for nesting.</p> <p>Videos 5-7: The Common Cuckoo visits the host nest but not egg-laying.</p> <p>Video 8: The calling by a female Oriental Reed Warbler in a nest in the morning.</p>
Figs 32–38 in The cuckoo bee genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Kazakhstan
Figs 32–38. Genitalia, males, dorsal view (32–36), lateral view (37, 38). 32 – Sphecodes
Figs 26–31 in The cuckoo bee genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Kazakhstan
Figs 26–31. Genitalia, males, dorsal view. 26 – Sphecodes pellucidus; 27 – S. pinguiculus;
Figs 14–19 in The cuckoo bee genus Sphecodes Latreille, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Kazakhstan
Figs 14–19. Genitalia, males, dorsal view. 14 – Sphecodes intermedius; 15 – S. longulus;
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