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FIGURE 27 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 27. Basiceros tumucumaquensis sp. nov. paratype worker (MZSP, CASENT0647158, Brazil: Amapá); A. full-face view, D. dorsal view, E. lateral view. Labrum from non-type worker (MZSP, Brazil: Rondônia); B. dorsal view and C. ventral view; lo: lateral lobe, black arrow: specialized seta on anterior margin. Crossed arrows give the orientation: a, anterior; p, posterior. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, D–E =1 mm, B–C = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 25 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 25. Basiceros singularis intercastes from Trinidad & Tobago: St. Andrew; A–D: MCZ534402/T2-56); A. lateral view of mesosoma, white arrow pointing to wing fossa and wing trace, B. lateral view, C. dorsal view highlighting mesoscutum line (white arrow) and wing trace (black arrow), D. dorsal view; E–H: (MCZ/T2-56); E. oblique view of mesosoma, white arrow pointing to vestigial hindwing, F. lateral view, G. dorsal view highlighting rudiments of a mesoscutum (left white arrow), mesoscutellum (right white arrow), and forewing trace (black arrow), H. dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 16 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 16. Basiceros manni colony in abandoned Meliponini nest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica: Heredia; A. Exterior view of nest entrance, B. Detail of chamber with immatures below nest entrance, C. Brood chamber. Images: courtesy of Ronald Garcia.

FIGURE 4 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 4. Basiceros browni sp. nov., paratype worker (GUPC, Ecuador: Los Ríos); A. full-face view, B. lateral view, and C. dorsal view.

FIGURE 24 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 24. Basiceros singularis, gyne (MCZ 534402/T2-56, Trinidad & Tobago: St. Andrew) and male (MCZ, Trinidad & Tobago: St. Andrew); A and D. full-face view, B and E. dorsal view, C and F. lateral view. Scale bars: A, D = 0.5 mm, B, C, E, F =1 mm.

FIGURE 14 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 14. Basiceros manni, gyne (MCZ 546486, Costa Rica: Heredia) and male (MCZ, Costa Rica: Heredia); A and D. fullface view, B and E. dorsal view, C and F. lateral view. Scale bars: A, D = 0.5 mm, B, C, E, F =1 mm.

FIGURE 11 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 11. Basiceros disciger, worker (MZSP, Brazil: São Paulo); A. full-face view, B. lateral view. C. dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm, B–C =1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic revision of the dirt ants, Basiceros Schulz, 1906 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

FIGURE 3. Basiceros browni sp. nov., holotype worker (MCZ, Ecuador: Los Ríos); A. full-face view, B. lateral view, and C. dorsal view.

Fig. 6 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 6. Ancestral trait estimation for labrum (general shape and distal margin) and clypeomandibular space of Basiceros ants. Analyses were conducted with the ace function in the APE R package (Paradis et al. 2004) using the pruned1 topology as input (see Material and Methods section). For all traits, each node is graphically represented for the state with the highest probability for the model favored under a likelihood ratio test (see Supp Figs. S2 and S3 and Table S6 [online only]). Graphic size corresponds with likelihood probabilities for a particular node: small graphics represents 0–50% probability, bigger graphics> 50%. Tips present labrum outline for each of the Basiceros species (see Fig. 2). Outcomes for each node for the ER model are shown in more detail in Supp Figs. S3 and S4 (online only).

Fig. 2 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of the labrum (dorsolabrum) of the worker caste of Basiceros species, dtg: dorsal transverse groove, lo: lateral lobe. (A) B. conjugans; (B) B. convexiceps; (C) B. disciger; (D) B. militaris; (E) B. scambognathus; (F) B. singularis (CASENT063735); (G) B. manni; (H) Basiceros sp. n. A, dashed line: tentative reconstruction of posterolabral limits. Crossed arrows give the orientation: a, anterior; p, posterior. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. Labrum shape in Basiceros can be long triangular and sinuate (A, C, D), long triangular and acute (B, H), triangular short (E) or (F, G) lunate. For the distal margin of labrum lobes can have a wide (C) or narrow clef (A, B, D, H), can be blunt with a short cleft (E) or rounded (F, G).

Fig. 5 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 5. Phylogeny of Basiceros ants, analysis with the pruned1 dataset. See Supp Tables S1 and S2 (online only) for taxon codes and further specimen information.Topology presented was obtained from MrBayes and GARLI analyses. Branch length follows MrBayes output, scale bar indicates estimated number of nucleotide substitutions per site. Bayesian posterior probability (PP, obtained with MrBayes) or maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS, obtained with GARLI) values are indicated in most nodes, except for those recovered with high support (>0.95/95%) for both analyses.

Fig. 7 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Basiceros. (A) singularis clade; (B) disciger clade. Georeferenced specimen records from Probst (2015).

Fig. 3 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 3. Ventral view of the labrum (ventrolabrum) of the female caste of Basiceros species,black arrows:an example of specialized ventral setae. (A) B. conjugans; (B) B. convexiceps; (C) B. disciger; (D) B. militaris; (E) B. scambognathus; white arrows point to the anterior margin of the 'basal plate'; (F) B. singularis (CASENT063735); (G) B. manni, mpfl: posterior frontolabral muscle remnants, mafl: anterior frontolabral muscle remnants, to: torma. Crossed arrows give the orientation: a, anterior; p, posterior. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Dirt Ants, Basiceros (Formicidae: Myrmicinae): Inferring Life Histories Through Morphological Convergence

Fig. 4. Frontal view of Basiceros species, highlighting mandible shape and clypeomandibular space of the female caste. (A) B. conjugans; (B) B. disciger; (C) B. militaris; (D) B. scambognathus; (E) B. manni, clm. space: clypeomandibular space; (F) B. singularis; (G) Basiceros sp. n. A, me: external margin, dashed line: anteroclypeal margin, bold line: basal margin; (H) B. convexiceps. Figures not to scale. In Basiceros, the clypeomandibular space is either absent (B–D), narrow (A), moderate (H), or broad (E–G).

FIGURE 4. Tholerosoma monteithi n. gen., n in Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 4. Tholerosoma monteithi n. gen., n. sp. (A) gonopods in situ (male, QM S38942); (B) ventral view of telson (male paratype partly cleaned with ultrasound, QM S73975). Scale bars = 0.25 mm.

FIGURE 6. Tholerosoma corrugatum n in Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 6. Tholerosoma corrugatum n. sp. (A) dorsal view of midbody ring, (C) spiracles on midbody ring, anterior to left (holotype, QM S73993). Tholerosoma monteithi n. gen., n. sp. (B) anterior spiracle on midbody ring, anterior to left (male paratype partly cleaned with ultrasound, QM S73975). Scale bar for (A) = 0.5 mm, for (B) and (C) = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1. Desmoxytoides hasenpuschorum n. gen., n in Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 1. Desmoxytoides hasenpuschorum n. gen., n. sp. (A) lateral view of midbody ring; (B) posteroventral view of gonopods in situ; (C) ventral view of telson; (D) dorsal view of midbody ring; (E) enlargement of (A) showing spiracles and metazonite microtubercles (males, QM S73968). Note: the ends of the gonopod telopodites shown in Fig. 1B have rotated during drying; in alcohol-preserved material the curve of the telopodite lies in a nearly transverse plane, as shown in Fig. 2C. Scale bar for (A) – (D) = 0.25 mm, for (E) = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Tholerosoma monteithi n. gen., n in Dirt-encrusted and dragon millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) from Queensland, Australia

FIGURE 3. Tholerosoma monteithi n. gen., n. sp. (A) dorsal view of midbody ring (male, QM S73979); (B) dorsal and (C) lateral view of midbody ring (male paratype partly cleaned with ultrasound, QM S73975); (D) close-up of prozonite in (B), anterior at top; (E) close-up of left posterior section of metatergite in (B), anterior at top; (F) close-up of waist in (C), anterior to left. Scale bar for (A) – (C) = 0.5 mm, (D) = 0.05 mm, (E) = 0.02 mm, (F) = 0.01 mm.