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Fig. 7. a–c in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 7. a–c. Stethoncus sp. a. Mesosoma, dorsal view. b. Head, antero-ventral view. c. Head, antero-dorsal view. d–f. Exochus sp. d. Mesosoma, dorsal view. e. Head, antero-ventral view. f. Head, antero-dorsal view. Arrow in Fig. 7a points to inflated upper part of pronotum (compared to normally curved upper part of pronotum in Fig. 7d). Arrow in Fig. 7b points to lobe like upper tooth of mandible (compared to triangular, acutely pointed upper tooth of mandible in Fig. 7e). Arrow in Fig. 7c points to the presence of a sharp transverse carina separating interantennal processes and upper face (compared to the absence of transverse carina separating interantennal processes and upper face in Fig. 7f).

Fig. 6. a–c in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 6. a–c. Colpotrochia sp. a. Metasomal tergite 1, dorsal view. b. Metasomal tergite 1, lateral view. c. Head, antero-ventral view. d–f. Triclistus sp. d. Metasomal tergite 1, dorsal view. e. Metasomal tergite 1, lateral view. f. Head, antero-ventral view. Arrow in Fig. 6a points to metasoma petiolate anteriorly (compared to broad metasoma anteriorly in Fig. 6d). Arrow in Fig. 6b points to metasomal tergite 1 with long sternite (compared to metasomal tergite with short sternite in Fig. 6e). Arrow in Fig. 6c points to mandible with subequal teeth (compared to the mandible with shorter lower tooth in Fig. 6f).

Fig. 11. a in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 11. a. Exochus sp., mid leg. b. Hypsicera, mid leg. Arrow in Fig. 11a points to mid tibia with shorter outer spur (compared to subequal midtibial spurs in Fig. 11b).

Fig. 16. a–b in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 16. a–b. Hypsicera sp. a. Head, lateral view. b. Metasoma, ventral view. c–d. Macromalon sp. c. Head, lateral view. d. Metasoma, ventral view. Arrow in Fig. 16a points to vertical occiput (compared to rounded occiput in Fig. 16c). Arrow in Fig. 16b points to wide laterotergite on metasomal tergite 2 (compared to narrow laterotergite on metasomal tergite 2 in Fig. 16d).

Fig. 12. a–c in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 12. a–c. Hypsicera sp. a. Head, lateral view. b. Mesosoma, ventral view. c. Metasomal tergite 1, dorsal view. d–f. Exochus sp. d. Head, lateral view. e. Mesosoma, ventral view. f. Metasomal tergite 1, dorsal view. Arrow in Fig. 12a points to vertical occiput (compared to rounded occiput in Fig. 12d). Arrow in Fig. 12b points to posterior transverse carina on mesosternum convex medio-posteriorly (compared to straight posterior transverse carina on mesosternum in Fig. 12e). Arrow in Fig. 12c points to the long lateromedial carina on first metasomal tergite (compared to the short lateromedial carina on first metasomal tergite in Fig. 12f).

Fig. 1. a in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 1. a. Metopius sp., head, anterior view. b. Triclistus sp., head, anterior view. Arrow in Fig. 1a points to raised carina delineating shield-shaped area (compared to lack of carina in Fig. 1b).

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Figs 1–5 in New for the Russian fauna Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Island

Figs 1–5. Brachyzapus striatus Humala, sp. n., ♀, holotype. 1 – habitus, lateral view,

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Fig. 16 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of the Kintrishi National Park, Sakartvelo (Georgia), with descriptions of six new species

Fig. 16: Mesochorus (Mesochorus) albidus RIEDEL nov.sp. HT, habitus.

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Fig. 11 in Darwin wasps of the genus Seticornuta Morley, 1913 (Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae) in the Neotropical region, with a key to species

Fig. 11. Geographic distribution of species of Seticornuta Morley, 1913 in the Neotropical region.

Fig. 21 in A new Darwin wasp genus, Soliga (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae), from India

Fig. 21. Collection localities of Soliga ecarinata gen. et sp. nov.

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Data from: "Darwin's corollary" and cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by Cardinium may contribute to speciation in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

The potential importance of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) – inducing bacterial symbionts in speciation of their arthropod hosts has been debated. Theoretical advances have led to a consensus that a role is plausible when CI is combined with other isolating barriers. However, the insect model systems Nasonia and Drosophila are the only two experimental examples documented. Here we analyzed the components of reproductive isolation between the parasitoid wasp Encarsia suzannae, which is infected by the CI-inducing symbiont Cardinium, and its uninfected sibling species Encarsia gennaro. Laboratory crosses demonstrated that: 1) sexual isolation is incomplete; 2) hybrid offspring production is greatly reduced in the interspecific CI cross; 3) viable hybrids may be produced by curing E. suzannae males of Cardinium with antibiotics; 4) hybrid offspring production in the reciprocal cross is greatly reduced by hybrid inviability due to genetic incompatibilities; 5) hybrid sterility is nearly complete in both directions at the F1 stage. Thus, asymmetrical hybrid incompatibilities and CI act as complementary isolating mechanisms. We propose a new model for contributions of CI symbionts to speciation, with CI reducing gene flow between species in one direction, and in the other, a symbiont sweep resulting in accelerated mtDNA evolution, negative cytonuclear interactions and hybrid incompatibilities.

Figure 8 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 8. Vegetation predictors of the pimpline community across traps (n = 30). (a) Epiphyte density against log richness; (b) herb ground cover against the log of inverse Simpson's Index of Diversity;

Figure 7 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 7. Pimplinae community composition, as measured by the first axis of a Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling analysis (NMDS1, see Figure 6) across sampling sites (n = 15), against the first Principal Component (PC1) of the habitat variables at those sites (see Table 4). The line is the linear regression (±95% CI in gray). The figure demonstrates that pimpline community composition is very strongly associated with differences in habitat characteristics across sites.

Figure 6 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 6. An ordination using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) of the pimpline community at the site level. Black numbers and points indicate the 15 sampling sites, going from the bottom of the mountain (1) to the top (15). Species are in gray, small lettering.

Figure 4 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 4. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against elevation (altitude) across 30 traps. (a) Abundance; (b) Log10 Species Richness; (c) Log10 Simpson's Index (1/D); and (d) Shannon Index. Lines are the equations of the polynomial linear model in Table 2 with the lowest AICc, ±95%CI; (a,b): cubic models (c,d): quadratic models.

Figure 2 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 2. Some of the Pimplinae wasp species sampled (all are females). (a) Dolichomitus megalourus (scale bar 4 mm), 10 individuals sampled; (b) Neotheronia charli (scale bar 1 mm), 24 individuals sampled; (c) Neotheronia sp. 6 (scale bar 1 mm), 26 individuals sampled; (d) Pimpla caerulea (scale bar 1 mm), 447 individuals sampled; (e) Polysphincta organensis (scale bar 2 mm), 19 individuals sampled; and (f) Polysphincta teresa (scale bar 2 mm), 8 individuals sampled.

Figure 3 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 3. Species richness of pimplines against sampling intensity. (a) Estimates of total species richness against number of traps sampled (filled circles: observed data; open circles: bootstrap; diamonds: first-order jackknife; triangles: Chao; squares: second-order jackknife); (b) site-level rarefaction (±SD); (c) trap-level rarefaction (±SD); (d) mean individual-level rarefaction for the whole data (top line) and altitudinally-zoned subsets (from top to bottom, 332–549 m, 703–887 m, 952–1071 m, 110–150 m, and 1236–1482 m, which are superimposed, 1649–1812 m and 1935–2169 m), points are literature-based data covering the same span of sampling intensities for comparison from [45]. Note the log scale on the y-axis.

Figure 1 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 1. (a) Location of the Serra dos Órgãos National Park (gray shaded area), a protected tropical Atlantic Rain Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. (b) Map of the 15 study sites and their respective altitudes along the elevational gradient in the Park, where four different phytophysiognomies are observed: (c) lower montane forest (up to 500 m), which presents a 20 m high canopy but normally no other well-defined forest layers; (d) montane forest (500 m to 1500 m), with its clear stratification into arboreal, shrub, and herb layers, and large emergent trees reaching 40 m covered with abundant lianas and epiphytes; (e) high montane forest (1500 m to 2000 m) with smaller trees of up to 10 m covered with mosses and epiphytes, and great diversity of shrubs; and (f) high-altitude grassland, also known as campos de altitude (above 2000 m), dominated by herbal vegetation growing around rocks and scattered shrubs.

Figure 5. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against mean monthly temperature across 15 in Variation in a Darwin Wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Community along an Elevation Gradient in a Tropical Biodiversity Hotspot: Implications for Ecology and Conservation

Figure 5. Pimplinae wasp community metrics against mean monthly temperature across 15 sites. (a) Abundance; (b) Log10 Species Richness; (c) Log10 Simpson's Index (1/D); and (d) Shannon Index. Lines are the equations of the model in Table 3 ± 95%CI. (a) cubic model; (b,d) quadratic models; and (c): linear model.

FIGURE 5A–E. Eiphosoma vitticolle Cresson, 1865, female. A. Habitus, lateral. B. Head, front view. C. Propodeum, dorsal view. D. Wings. E in Two new Darwin wasp species of Eiphosoma Cresson, 1865 (Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae) from the northwestern Andes of Colombia

FIGURE 5A–E. Eiphosoma vitticolle Cresson, 1865, female. A. Habitus, lateral. B. Head, front view. C. Propodeum, dorsal view. D. Wings. E. Mesosoma, dorsal view.