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Fig. 32 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 32. Fossil skeletal plates of ophiacanthid brittle stars; lateral arm plates (LAPs) in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1. Ophiomitrella? sp. 2 from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of Jumara, India; GZG. INV.78740, median to distal LAP. 2. Ophiomitrella sp. nov. from the late Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Maastricht, the Netherlands; NHMM JJ 5104, proximal LAP. 3-6. Ophiomalleus beneficarum gen. et sp. nov. from the Callovian of Bauer-Wehrland (3), Althüttendorf (4-5) and Hohensaaten (6), Germany. 3. GZG.INV.78741 (holotype), proximal to median LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78742 (paratype), proximal LAP. 5. GZG.INV.78743 (paratype), distal LAP. 6. GZG.INV.78744 (paratype), arm spine. 7-9. Ophiomalleus stevenwilsoni gen. et sp. nov. from the latest Hauterivian (Early Cretaceous) of Sarstedt, Germany. 7. GZG.INV.78748 (holotype), proximal LAP. 8. GZG.INV.78749 (paratype), median LAP. 9. GZG. INV.78750 (paratype), distal LAP. One common scale bar per species except for 6.

Fig. 28 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 28. Fossil lateral arm plates (LAPs) of ophiacanthid brittle stars in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1-4. Dermocoma numbergerorum sp. nov. from the middle Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Foug, France. 1. GZG.INV.78695 (holotype), proximal LAP. 2. GZG.INV.78696 (paratype), proximal LAP. 3. GZG.INV.78697 (paratype), median LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78698 (paratype), distal LAP. 5-8. Dermocoma simonschneideri sp. nov. from the early Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of the Pointe du Chay, France (5) and the late Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Trancoso, Portugal (6-8). 5. GZG.INV.78700 (holotype), proximal LAP. 6. GZG.INV.78701 (paratype), proximal LAP. 7. GZG.INV.78702 (paratype), median LAP. 8. GZG. INV.78703 (paratype), distal LAP. 9. Dermocoma sp. nov. innom. 2 from the early Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Geisingen, Germany; GZG.INV.78705, median to distal LAP. 10-11. Dermocoma sp. nov. innom. 3 from the late Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) of the Ternberg Nappe, Austria. 10. NHMW 2012/0138/0009, proximal LAP. 11. NHMW 2012/0138/0010, distal LAP. One common scale bar per species.

Fig. 2 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 2. Phylogeny of the Ophiacanthidae. A. Majority rule consensus of 2572 most parsimonious trees (182 steps length) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis of the full data set. B. Strict consensus of nine most parsimonious trees (47.91375 steps length) resulting from the analysis of the reweighed dataset (characters reweighed by their maximum rescaled consistency index). Numbers above branches represent bootstrap support for the respective nodes (10 000 replicates); numbers below branches are node frequencies of the majority rule consensus tree.

Fig. 27 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 27. Fossil lateral arm plates in external (a) and internal (b) views and articulated arm fragment of ophiacanthid brittle stars. 1-2. Dermocoma wrighti Hess, 1964 from the early Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Liesberg, Switzerland. 1. NHMB M11218, proximal LAP. 2. NHMB M11219, distal LAP. 3-4. Dermocoma sp. 1 from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Jumara, India. 3. GZG.INV.78687, proximal LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78688, distal LAP. 5-8. Dermocoma biformis (Hess, 1975) comb. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Guldental, Switzerland (5-6) and Savigna, France (7-8). 5. NHMB M11220, proximal LAP. 6. NHMB M11221, distal LAP. 7. GZG.INV.78690, proximal LAP. 8. GZG. INV.78692, proximal arm fragment in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views. One common scale bar for 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7 and 8 respectively.

Fig. 1 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 1. Ophiacanthid brittle star lineages and their fossil record in shallow (<200 m palaeodepth, thick grey lines) and deep (> 200 m palaeodepth, thick black lines) environments through time. Extant lineages are indicated by the thin median line extending to the Holocene.

Fig. 6 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 6. Fossil lateral arm plates (LAPs) of ophiacanthid brittle stars in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1. Eolaxoporus sp. from the latest Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Oberscheffach, Germany, MHI 2083/1, median LAP. 2-4. Eolaxoporus hagdorni gen. et sp. nov. from the late Carnian (Late Triassic) of Jushui, China. 2. MHI 2084/1 (holotype), proximal LAP. 3. MHI 2085/1 (paratype), median LAP. 4. MHI 2086/1 (paratype), distal LAP. 5. Eolaxoporus sp. nov. innom. from the early Carnian (Late Triassic) of Milieres, Italy; GZG.INV.78500, proximal to median LAP. 6-8. Eolaxoporus imminens gen. et sp. nov. from the late Sinemurian to early Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of the Glasenbach Gorge, Austria. 6. NHMW 2012/0137/0001 (holotype), proximal LAP. 7. NHMW 2012/0137/0002 (paratype), median LAP. 8. NHMW 2012/0137/0003 (paratype), distal LAP. One common scale bar per species is given.

Fig. 23 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 23. Fossil lateral arm plates in external (a) and internal (b) views and articulated arm fragments of Alternacantha schwermannorum sp. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, France. 1. GZG.INV.78654 (holotype), proximal LAP. 2. GZG.INV.78655 (paratype), median LAP. 3. GZG. INV.78656 (paratype), distal LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78657 (paratype), proximal arm fragment in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views and with detail in dorso-lateral (c) view. 5. GZG.INV.78658 (paratype), distal arm fragment in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) view. One common scale bar for 1-3.

Appendix 1 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Appendix 1. Faunal list for the assemblages studied with corresponding counts of lateral arm plates or articulated individual (art.). Note that previously published assemblages which lack ophiacanthids or for which no significant taxonomic changes or new counts are proposed have been omitted. Records marked with an asterisk (*) are not described in the present study.

Fig. 35 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 35. Skeletal plates and arm fragments of fossil and Recent ophiacanthid brittle stars; lateral arm plates (LAPs) in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1-3. Ophiocamax vitrea Lyman, 1878, Recent. 1. Proximal LAP. 2. Median LAP. 3. Dorsal arm plate. 4-5. Ophiocamax hystrix Lyman, 1878, Recent. 4. Proximal LAP. 5. Median LAP. 6. Ophiocamax austera Verrill, 1899, Recent; proximal LAP. 7-11. Ophiocamax dorotheae sp. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, France. 7. GZG.INV.78763 (holotype), proximal LAP. 8. GZG.INV.78764 (paratype), median LAP. 9. GZG.INV.78765 (paratype), distal LAP. 10. GZG.INV.78766 (paratype), proximal arm fragment in ventral view. 11. GZG.INV.78767 (paratype), median arm fragment in dorsal view. One common scale bar per species except for 10 and 11.

Fig. 17 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 17. Fossil skeletal plates of ophiacanthid brittle stars; lateral arm plates (LAPs) in external (a) and internal (b) views. 1-2. Ophiotreta striata (Kutscher & Jagt, 2000) comb. nov. from the early Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany. 1. GZG.INV.78588, proximal LAP. 2. GZG.INV.78589, distal LAP. 3-11. Ophiotreta dendrophyllicola sp. nov. from the middle Danian (Paleocene) of Fakse, Denmark. 3. MGUH 30236 (holotype), proximal LAP. 4. NHMM 2012 050 (paratype), median LAP. 5. NHMM 2012 051 (paratype), distal LAP. 6. NHMM 2012 052 (paratype), vertebra in distal view. 7. NHMM 2012 053 (paratype), vertebra in proximal view. 8. NHMM 2012 054 (paratype), vertebra in dorsal view. 9. NHMM 2012 055 (paratype), oral plate in adradial (a) and abradial (b) view. 10. NHMM 2012 056 (paratype), arm spine fragment. 11. NHMM 2012 057 (paratype), arm spine fragment. 12-15. Ophiotreta hedone sp. nov. from the middle Lutetian (Eocene) of Grignon, France. 12. GZG.INV.78590 (holotype), proximal LAP. 13. GZG.INV.78591 (paratype), median LAP. 14. GZG.INV.78592 (paratype), distal LAP. 15. GZG.INV.78593 (paratype), median LAP. One common scale bar per species.

Fig. 4 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 4. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Middle Triassic [after Smith et al. (1994)] with positions of currently known Triassic ophiuroid occurrences (grey areas indicate emerged land). Round dots indicate assemblages quantitatively assessed in this study (see Table 1 for details). 1. Fischerwiese, Oberscheffach, Schillingstadt. 2. Górazdze, Strzelce Opolski, Felsöörs, Sóly. 3. Alpe di Specie, Romerlo, Milieres, Recoaro. 4. Kitakami Mountains. 5. Jushui. Squares indicate previously published Triassic records. At the same positions as round dots 1-3: Bachmayer & Kollmann (1968), Broglio Loriga & Berti Cavicchi (1972), Hess (1970a), Kutscher (1987b, 2000), Radwański (2002), Salamon (2004) and ophiuroid records revised by Hess (1965b). Squares: 6. Calzada & Gutiérrez (1988). 7. Hess (1972b), Kristan-Tollmann et al. (1979). 8. Twitchett et al. (2005). 9. Zonneveld (2001). 10. Kummel & Teichert (1970). 11. Runnegar (1969). 12. Kristan-Tollmann & Gramann (1992). At the same position as round dot 5: Yang (1960), Feng (1985), Chen et al. (2004). Square 13. Ishida et al. (2011).

Fig. 20 in Temporary expansion to shelf depths rather than an onshore-offshore trend: the shallow-water rise and demise of the modern deep-sea brittle star family Ophiacanthidae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Fig. 20. Fossil lateral arm plates (LAPs) of ophiacanthid brittle stars in external (a) and internal (b) views and articulated arm fragment. 1-2. Ophiogaleus dorecki (Hess, 1962) comb. nov. from the late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of Seewen, Switzerland. 1. NHMB M11214, proximal LAP. 2. NHMB M11215, distal LAP. 3-5. Ophiogaleus stans sp. nov. from the early Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of La Pouza, France. 3. GZG.INV.78615 (holotype), proximal LAP. 4. GZG.INV.78616 (paratype), median LAP. 5. GZG.INV.78617 (paratype), distal LAP. 6-7. Ophiogaleus sp. nov. innom 2 from the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) of Jumara, India. 6. GZG.INV.78619, proximal LAP. 7. GZG.INV.78620, distal LAP. 8-10. Ophiogaleus constrictus (Hess, 1966) comb. nov. from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Savigna, France. 8. GZG.INV.78624, proximal LAP. 9. GZG.INV.78625, distal LAP. 10. GZG.INV.78626, proximal arm fragment in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views. One common scale bar per species except for 10.

Fig. 9. A in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 9. A. Optical view of the abfrontal side of a distal marginal autozooid (polypide reduced to a residual brown body, bb) adjacent to a lateral kenozooid in which there is a distally tapered (i.e., apically developing) intracoelomic calcareous rod (arrow). B. SEM of a similar view to A but of skeletal elements only, showing the distal tip of the calcareous rod (white arrow) and the communication pores (blue arrowhead) that allow nutrient connectivity between the feeding autozooid and non-feeding kenozooid in which the coelomic cavity comes to be filled by the calcareous rod. C. Fractured transverse section of a calcareous rod showing alternating thick and thin wall-perpendicular prismatic fabric. D. Part of C magnified. Scale bars: A = 200 μm; B = 100 μm; C = 25 μm; D = 5 μm.

Fig. 7 in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 7. Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♂, NIWA 52919, 0.64 mm long. A. Habitus. B. Head. C. Epimeron. D. Urosome. E. Uropod 2 and uropod 1. F. Telson. Scale bars: A = 300 μm; B-D = 100 μm; E = 20 μm; F = 10 μm.

Fig. 6 in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 6. Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀, NIWA 88918, 1.72 mm long. A. Pereopod 5. B. Pereopod 6. C. Pereopod 7. D. Pleopod 1. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 8 in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 8. Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♂, NIWA 52919, 0.64 mm long. A. Detail of serrated surface on telson. B. Gnathopod 1 and larger gnathopod 2. C. Dactylus gnathopod 1. D. Dactylus gnathopod 1. E. Dorsal view telson, uropod 3 and uropod 2. F. Flat-topped projections on telson. Scale bars: A = 1 μm; B = 100 μm; C-D = 10 μm; E = 20 μm; F = 2 μm.

Fig. 5 in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 5. Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀, NIWA 88918, 1.72 mm long. A. Gnathopod 1. B. Gnathopod 2. C. Pereopod 3. D. Pereopod 4. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 4. Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀, NIWA 88918, 1.72 mm long. A. Hypopharynx. B. Maxilla 2. C. Maxilla 1. D. Maxilliped. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Fig. 2. A in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 2. A. Photograph of the abfrontal side of a colony of the bryozoan Onchoporoides moseleyi showing adults (middle left arrow) and juveniles (upper right arrow) of Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov. beneath the semitransparent abfrontal membrane. Note the paired kenozooidal rootlets and their branches at lower left; these anchor the colony to sediment grains in the soft-sediment habitat. The blue colour of the colony is optical, not staining. B. Optical photograph of the proximal end of a small colony of Onchoporoides moseleyi showing the ancestrular zooid (a) in abfrontal view, with calcified interiors (*) of lateral kenozooids that converge proximally. Scale bars: A = 3 mm; B = 100 μm.

Fig. 3 in An inquiline deep-water bryozoan/amphipod association from New Zealand, including the description of a new genus and species of Chevaliidae

Fig. 3. Bryoconversor tutus gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♀, NIWA 88918, 1.72 mm long. A. Habitus. B. Urosome. C. Antenna 2. D. Mandible. Scale bars = 100 μm.