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Figure 7 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 7. Mandibular remains of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. Posterior part of left hemimandible in (A) lateral, (B) ventral, (C) medial, and (D) dorsal views. Posterior part of right hemimandible in (E) lateral, (F) ventral, (G) medial, and (H) dorsal views. Abbreviations: af, adductor fossa; an, angular; c, concavity; cor, coronoid; cor.em, coronoid eminence; pr, prearticular; sa, surangular; sf, surangular foramen. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 8 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 8. Articulated series of the anterior-most cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and cervicals 3 and 4) of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) right lateral, (D) ventral, (E) posterior, and (F) anterior views. Atlas in (G) ventral view with interpretative diagram beneath. Abbreviations: ard, arrowlike depression; cvr, cervical rib; ns, neural spine; pap, parapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; ri, ridge; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 5 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 5. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) anterior, and (D) posterior views. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; nt, 'V'-shaped notch; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qd, quadrate depression; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 1 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 1. Geographical and stratigraphic location of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI CVEB21701. (A) Location of the quarry yielding YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI, with a red star indicating the locality. (B) Sediments of the Fengjiahe Formation at the quarry site. (C) Stratigraphic column of the Fengjiahe Formation in the Jiaojiadian area (modified from Bai, 1999).

Figure 6 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 6. Possible skull roof fragment of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) dorsal, (B) lateral, and (C) ventral views. Abbreviations: cd, channel-like depression; d, dome. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 9 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 3 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 2 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 2. Skeletal reconstruction of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI showing some of the main preserved elements from the holotype (highlighted in blue), with details of the skull bones (A), cervical vertebrae (B), dorsal vertebrae (C), left scapula (D), right humerus (E), and left femur (F). Scale bars equal 5 cm (A–C) or 10 cm (D–F). The facial region and distal scapula are mirrored. Osteoderms have been omitted for convenience.

Figure 4 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Fig. 3 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 3 Gladius morphology of Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp., holotype (MNHNL TI024), Lower Toarcian, Serpentinum Chronozone, Exaratum Subchronozone, Bascharage. A overview of the slab; B close-up of the anterior hyperbolar zone showing the course of growth increments; C schematic morphology and measurements; D overview of the counter-slab; E close-up of the posterior gladius showing the course of growth increments. Scale bars = 10 mm

Fig. 2 Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 2 Simoniteuthis michaelyi n. gen. n. sp., holotype (MNHNL TI024), Lower Toarcian, Serpentinum Chronozone, Exaratum Subchronozone, Bascharage. A–D slab; E–G counter-slab. A overview; B camera lucida drawing of A; C close-up of the head–arm complex; D same under UV-light showing the weakly illuminating arm musculature; E overview; F close-up of the preyed fishes, red colour Specimen 1 (op = opercle; sop = subopercle), blue colour Specimen 2 (caud = caudal fin; sop = subopercle; centra = central vertebra); G same under UV-light. Scale bars = 10 mm

Fig. 5 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 5 General phylogenetic tree of the Neocoleoidea (proostracum-bearing coleoids) indicating arm crown modifications within the Octobrachia. If the filamentous arm pair of Recent Vampyroteuthis is a homologue of the lost arm pair of the Octopoda, the vampyromorph stem lineage (thicker) should theoretically exhibit evidence of a rudimental dorsolateral (5th) arm pair

Fig. 1 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 1 Detailed map of the Edward Steichen Industrial Zone, northeast of the town of Bascharage in southwest Luxembourg. The area marked by a black asterisk corresponds to the place of finding (© Carte topographique: Adm. Du Cadastre et de la Topographie, Luxembourg)

Fig. 4 in SimoniteUthiS, a new vampyromorph coleoid with prey in its arms from the Early Jurassic of Luxembourg

Fig. 4 Comparative gladius morphology of selected octobrachiate coleoids. A Topology of the cluster analysis based on gladius outlines; B 3-reconstructions of the same gladiuses systematically sorted (after Fuchs, 2020). Where known arm configurations are indicated. Note the gladius outline of Vampyrofugies (based on Rowe et al., 2023) is approximated

Fig. 10 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 10. Comparative morphology of lower molars of Hadrocodium and Morganucodon. A. The morganucodontan Morganucodon oehleri Rigney, 1963, from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of China. BMNH 2858, ultimate lower molar (right m4) lingual (A1) and oblique occlusal (A2, stereopairs) views. B. The morganucodontan Morganucodon watsoni Kühne, 1949, from the Lower Jurassic fissure fills of Wales. UMZC Eo.CR1, ultimate molar (m4); lingual view (B1) (Jäger et al. 2019, image courtesy of Kai Jäger), lingual (B2) and occlusal (B3) views (Gill et al. 2014, images courtesy of Pamela Gill). C. The mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001, from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. Holotype, IVPP 8275, right m1 and m2 in occlusal (C1, stereopairs) and lingual (C2) views.

Fig. 9 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 9. Comparative morphology of incisors and canine among mammaliaforms. A, B. The morganucodontan Morganucodon oehleri Rigney, 1963, from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of China. A. CUP-FMNH 2320, type specimen. B. BMNH 2858, whole tooth and oblique-horizontal slice to visualize the single root canal. C. The mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China; C1, upper incisors and canine; C2, lower incisors and canine. D. The docodontan Haldanodon exspectatus Kühne and Krusat, 1972 (Gui-Mam 41/75) from the Guimarota Coal Mine, Upper Jurassic of Portugal (Ruf et al. 2013; Huttenlocker et al. 2018). E. The docodontan Docofossor brachydactylus Luo, Meng, Ji, Liu, Zhang, and Neander, 2015b (BMNH 131735) from the Tiaojishan Formation, Upper Jurassic of China (Luo et al. 2015b). F. The docodontan Agilodocodon scansorius Meng, Ji, Zhang, Liu, Grossnickle, and Luo, 2015 (BMNH 00138) from the Tiaojishan Formation, Upper Jurassic of China (Meng et al. 2015b); F1, left upper incisors and canine in lingual view; F2, left lower incisors and canine (flipped). Hadrocodium wui is similar to Haldanodon exspectatus and Docofossor brachydactylus in the upper canine with fully divided roots, and to all docodonts in bilaterally compressed lower canine with partially divided (grooved) root(s) and the separated root canals inside the root(s). Hadrocodium wui is also similar to Kuehneotherium praecursoris is also similar to Kuehneotherium in this feature (Gill 2004). Hadrocodium wui differs from Morganucodon oehleri and Sinoconodon rigneyi both of which are characterized by single-rooted and tubular upper and lower canines.

Fig. 7 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 7. CT rendering of mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. A. Left upper teeth (as preserved and virtually extracted from the upper jaws): incomplete incisors, canine, incomplete premolars and two molars in lingual (A1, stereopairs) and labial (A2, stereopairs) views. Left dentition has five incisor positions: two broken incisors, plus three additional incisors represented by alveoli visible on the fossil skull (but not visualized in teeth). Of the three premolars, P1 is not preserved, but P1 position is represented by a plugged alveolus on right side (not visualized here). P2 is preserved on right side, but is lost and represented only by empty alveoli on the left. P3 is intact on both sides. B. Right upper teeth: five upper incisors (I1 and I5 broken), canine, two premolars, two molars in lingual (B1, stereopairs) and labial (B2, stereopairs) views.

Fig. 8 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 8. CT rendering of mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. A. Left lower teeth (as preserved and virtually extracted from mandible): incisors, canine, incomplete premolars molars in labial (A1, stereopairs) and lingual (A2, stereopairs) views. The first premolar (p1) was shed and the vestige of its former alveoli recognizable on right mandible; penultimate premolar (p2) crown broken; ultimate p3 intact. B. Right lower teeth extracted by CT visualization, in labial (B1, stereopairs) and lingual (B2, stereopairs) views.

Fig. 5 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 5. Comparative morphology of mandibular canals and tooth alveoli in cross sections. A. The mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China; transverse section of mandible through anterior root of p3 (A1): the main cusp of a tall p3 occludes into its maxillary pit on the palate, and the upper P3 is more lingually inclined than the lower p3; transverse section through anterior root of m1 (A2): the mandibular canal is lateral to the root alveoli of the postcanines; the upper M1 is more inclined lingually than the lower m1; the main cusp of lower m1 occludes into its pit on the palate; the asterisk indicates that the labial alveolar margin is lower on the lingual alveolar margin at the point of the arrow. B. The morganucodontan Morganucodon oehleri Rigney, 1963, (BMNH 2858) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of China; cross section through the anterior root of m2: oval outline with long diameter at 0.25 mm, and short diameter at 0.15 mm; mandibular canal is lateral to the side of roots. C, D. The docodontan Docodon victor Schultz, Bhullar, and Luo, 2019 (as revised by Schultz et al. 2019) from the Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic of Wyoming, USA. C. YPM 11826, cross section through a root alveolus of m5; mandibular canal cross section in oval outline with the long diameter at 0.8 mm and short diameter at 0.6 mm. D. YPM 11823, mandibular canal cross section through anterior root of m5; circular outline diameter 0.6 mm. The mandibular canal is ventro-lateral to the apices of roots in docodontans. E. The eutriconodontan Juchilestes liaoningensis Gao, Wilson, Luo, Maga, Meng, and Wang, 2009 (DMNH 2607) from the Yixian Formation, Lower Cretaceous of China, as a representative for root canal pattern for crown mammals, in which the mandibular canal is ventral to the root apices.

Fig. 6 in Reexamination of the mandibular and dental morphology of the Early Jurassic mammaliaform Hadrocodium wui

Fig. 6. Composite reconstruction of full dentition of Hadrocodium wui Luo, Crompton, and Sun, 2001 (holotype, IVPP 8275) from the Lower Lufeng Formation, Lower Jurassic of Yunnan, China. A. Left upper teeth (as preserved) in labial view (CT visualization). B. Lower teeth (as preserved) in lingual view. C. Composite reconstruction of upper and lower teeth (left labial view). D. Occlusal relationship of cusps between lower m1–m2 and upper P3–M1– M2 (revised from Luo et al 2001: fig. 1; cusp designation following Crompton and Jenkins 1968 and Crompton 1974).