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FIG. 11 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 11. Internal anatomy of Actinostella digitata (McMurrich, 1893). A, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; B, cross section proximal to the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries, and the siphonoglyph (si); numbers between pairs of mesenteries indicate the corresponding cycle; C, detail of verrucae (v) in distal column; D, cross section of a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal muscles; E, detail of developing spermatic cysts (sc); F, detail of a cross section showing the retractor (r) and parietobasilar (p) muscles; G, cross section of proximal end showing weak basilar muscles (b). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscles; ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; sc, spermatic cysts; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; si, siphonoglyph; t, tentacle; v, verrucae; ve, vesicles. Scale bars: A, F, 5mm; B–E, G, 1 mm.

FIG. 5 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 5. External and internal anatomy of the holotype of Asteractis bradleyi Verrill, 1869 (YPM-1009) (= Actinostella bradleyi). A, lateral view of holotype, showing the marginal ruff; B, oral view of holotype; C, detail of the pedal disc of holotype; D, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal verrucae (v), vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; E, detail of the endodermal marginal sphincter muscle; F, detail of the verrucae in the distal column; G, cross section at the actinopharynx level showing the directive mesenteries, retractor muscle (r), and siphonoglyphs (si); H, detail of a pair of mesenteries of the third cycle showing the parietobasilar muscle (p); I, longitudinal section of proximal end showing basilar muscles (b). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscle; f, marginal ruff; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; si, siphonoglyphs; v, verrucae; ve, vesicle. Scale bars: A–C, 5 mm; D–I, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 3 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 3. Internal anatomy of Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869). A, longitudinal section of the distal column showing distal verrucae (v), vesicles (ve) in the marginal ruff, marginal sphincter muscle (s), and the fosse; B, cross section at the actinopharynx level showing four cycles of mesenteries; numbers between pairs of mesenteries indicate the corresponding cycle; C, detail of the endodermal marginal sphincter muscle; D, cross section of a tentacle showing the ectodermal longitudinal muscles; E, detail of developing spermatic cysts (sc); F, detail of developing oocytes (o); G, detail of a cross section showing the retractor (r) and parietobasilar (p) muscles; H, cross section of proximal end showing the basilar muscles (b). Abbreviations: b, basilar muscles; ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; o, oocytes; p, parietobasilar muscle; r, retractor muscle; s, sphincter; sc, spermatic cysts; t, tentacle; v, verrucae; ve, vesicles. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 0.5 mm; C–F, 0.1 mm.

FIG. 12 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 12. Cnidae of Actinostella digitata (McMurrich, 1893). A, B, D, F, G, H, J, K, basitrichs; C, spirocysts; L, basitrichs S; E, I, N, p-mastigophore A; M, b-mastigophore; O, p-mastigophore B1. Capsules depicted in K and O were found only in type specimens.

FIG. 9 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 9. Cnidae of Actinostella californica (McMurrich, 1893). A, C, D, F, G, I, J, K, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; E, L, basitrichs S; H, N, p-mastigophore A; M, b-mastigophore; O, p-mastigophore B1.

FIG. 4 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 4. Cnidae of Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869). A, C, E, H, I, K, L, M, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; F, N, basitrichs S; D, G, J, P, p-mastigophore A; O, b-mastigophore; Q, p-mastigophore B1.

FIG. 6 in Revision of the genus Actinostella (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Actinioidea) from tropical and subtropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific: redescriptions and synonymies

FIG. 6. Cnidae of holotype of Actinostella bradleyi (Verrill, 1869) (YPM-1009). A, C, E, H, I, K, L, M, basitrichs; B, spirocysts; F, N, basitrichs S; D, G, J, P, p-mastigophore A; O, b-mastigophore.

Fig, 14 - Mycteroperca fusca, 327 mm. SL, Grand Canary Island, syntype of Serranus simanyi STEINDACHNER, 1891; NMW 39457-1. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA. in A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces : Serranidae)

Fig, 14 - Mycteroperca fusca, 327 mm. SL, Grand Canary Island, syntype of Serranus simanyi STEINDACHNER, 1891; NMW 39457-1. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA.

Fig. 13 in A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces : Serranidae)

Fig. 13 - Epinephelus marginatus, 29 cm. SL, Madeira, BMNH 1858.42.81; presented to the Zoological Society of London by the Rev. R. T. LOWE. Photograph courtesy of the British lt/ ......, lııcøıım ....... / Nqtııı--ıl (uawra. ....

Fig. 12 in A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces : Serranidae)

Fig. 12 - Epinephelus marginatus, 45 cm. SL. Cape Vidal, South Africa, RUSI 12922. Drawn by E. HEEMSTRA.

Fig. 11 b in A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces : Serranidae)

Fig. 11 b - Epinephelus itajara, 140 cm. SL, Caribbean (Virgin Islands), from a photograph J. E. RANDALL

Fig. 11 a in A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces : Serranidae)

Fig. 11 a - Epinephelus itajara, 7 cm. SL, Gulf of Mexico, from a photograph of LEWIS BULLOCK and GREGORY SMITH (ms.).

Fig. 8b in A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces : Serranidae)

Fig. 8b - Epmephelus costae, 40 cm. SL, Sénégal, from SERET (1981, identified as E. goreensis; painting by PIERRE OPIC).

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Figure 1 in Length-weight relationship of 15 species of deep-water chondrichthyans in the Canary Islands (eastern-central Atlantic)

Figure 1. – Length-weight relationships estimated for 15 deep-water chondrichthyan species from the slopes of the Canary Islands.

Fig. 5 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Average habitat suitability index –HSI– in the upper and lower reach of the riacho São Pedro, for the three fish species.

Fig. 6 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 6. Weighted usable area (WUA) in the upper and lower reach of the riacho São Pedro, for the three fish species.

Fig. 4 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Habitat suitability curves for depth (m), mean water column velocity (m/s) and type of substrate for the three fish species in the riacho São Pedro. Substrate types are; 1- large boulder, 2- boulder, 3- cobble, 4- gravel, 5- fine gravel, 6- sand and 7- vegetation.

Fig. 3 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Frequencies of habitat availability by classes of depth (m), mean velocity (m/s) and type of substrate (1- large boulder; 2- boulder; 3- cobble; 4- gravel; 5- fine gravel; 6- sand and 7- vegetation), obtained by direct survey in the riacho São Pedro.

Fig. 1 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 1. Map of the rio Guandu basin, with indication of the studied reach in riacho São Pedro. Solid dash = small substation of CEDAE (Water and Sewer Treatment Works of Rio de Janeiro State). WTP: Water Treatment Plant.

Fig. 2 in Application of the physical habitat simulation for fish species to assess environmental flows in an Atlantic Forest Stream in South-eastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Isometric view of the cross-sections in the two target reaches of the riacho São Pedro. Grey color indicates water; solid line indicates the contour of the cross-section (in wet areas and banks).