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223 results for “Ecology: behavioral”
Data from: Behavioral adaptations imply a direct link between ecological specialization and reproductive isolation in a sympatrically diverging ground beetle
Adaptation to a previously unoccupied niche within a single population is one of the most contentious topics in evolutionary biology as it assumes the simultaneous evolution of ecologically selected and preference traits. Here, we demonstrate behavioral adaptation to contrasting hydrological regimes in a sympatric mosaic of Pogonus chalceus beetle populations, and argue that this adaptation may result in nonrandom gene flow. When exposed to experimental inundations, individuals from tidal marshes, which are naturally subjected to frequent but short floods, showed a higher propensity to remain submerged compared to individuals from seasonal marshes that are inundated for several months. This adaptive behavior is expected to decrease the probability that individuals will settle in the alternative habitat, resulting in spatial sorting and reproductive isolation of both ecotypes. Additionally, we show that this difference in behavior is induced by the environmental conditions experienced by the beetles during their nondispersive larval stages. Hence, accidental or forced ovipositioning in the alternative habitat may induce both an increased performance and preference to the natal habitat type. Such plastic traits could play an important role in the most incipient stages of divergence with gene flow.
Data from: Ecological and phylogenetic predictors of mobbing behavior in a tropical dry forest
Mobbing represents a well-known anti-predatory behavior, where potential prey display aggressively against a predator. Despite considerable experimental and descriptive work, no models predict species participation in mobbing assemblages. Here, we aimed to understand why some bird species engage in this behavior, while others do not, and what factors can be used to predict mobbing engagement within an avian community. We investigated whether certain functional traits, such as body size, foraging guild, foraging mode, and strata, as well species abundance and evolutionary relatedness, are important mobbing predictors. To address these goals, we simulated the presence of the Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) by broadcasting its voice in 230 experiments conducted in 115 points, systematically distributed in a dry forest of northeastern Brazil. We compared these results to 162 avian surveys (point counts) conducted in the same area. Our avian surveys detected 108 bird species (local avian community), whereas our playback experiments attracted 72 species (mobbing assemblage). In general, small, canopy insectivorous or frugivorous birds dominated the mobs. The best mobbing predictors were body mass and guild, whereas species abundance, foraging mode, and strata were not retained in the best models. We found a strong phylogenetic component in body mass and mobbing propensity (almost 90% of the species and individuals participating in the mobs were passerines). At the community level, we found significant differences in the functional and phylogenetic structure of the mobbing assemblage in relation to the avian community. Our results suggest that mobbing behavior is tightly associated to predation risk and the capacity of individual species to find and detect predators, and that functional and phylogenetic features can predict species participation in this complex animal behavior.
Data from: Alternative reproductive tactics in context: how demography, ecology, and behavior affect male mating success
Exploitation of sexual signals by predators or parasites increases costs to signalers, creating opportunities for establishment of alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). In field crickets, males calling may attract acoustically-orienting parasitoid flies. Alternatively, males behaving as satellites forgo calling and attempt to intercept females attracted to callers. We modeled the contribution of calling vs. satellite behavior to male reproductive success in the larger context of variation in ecology (parasitism rate, background mortality), demography (density, sex ratio), and female behavior (phonotaxis, mating choosiness). Male mating success was most influenced by number of females (standardized effect size 0.42), then female choosiness (0.33), background mortality (-0.31), number of males (-0.28), and parasitism rate (-0.21). Smallest effects were phonotaxis (0.10) and satellite behavior (-0.09). Although satellite behavior ameliorated negative effects of parasitism, its comparative effect was slight. ARTs seem most likely to evolve and persist when a single selection pressure on signaling is particularly strong.
Data from: The interface of ecological novelty and behavioral context in the formation of ecological traps
Ecological traps occur when rapid environmental change causes animals to actually prefer inferior habitats. Traps increase the likelihood of species extinction, but our understanding of how evolved behavioral algorithms interface with increasingly novel ecosystems to trigger them remains limited. Both polarized and unpolarized light are increasingly common forms of light pollution known to cause maladaptive behavior for both water-seeking and entirely terrestrial insects by maladaptively triggering innate habitat selection and navigation preferences, respectively. We designed a nocturnal, field-based experiment to investigate how diverse nocturnal insect taxa use and contextualize these cues when they are placed in evolutionarily novel proximity, and so test the hypothesis that cues that originally evolved to guide navigation behavior can enhance or hinder the ability of different nocturnal insects to avoid maladaptive behavior within the context of habitat selection. Unpolarized light created more attractive ecological traps, even for aquatic taxa known to use polarized light as their sole habitat selection cue. We found that these cues could, in aquatic taxa, act both additively and synergistically to increase the attraction of ecological traps. While one family showed evidence of partitioning their response to these 2 forms of light within their respective behavioral contexts (navigation, habitat selection), our results indicate that the novel proximity of cues from separate behavioral contexts can act to enhance the attractiveness of ecological traps within a focal context.
Data from: Innovative consumers: ecological, behavioral and physiological predictors of responses to novel food
Consumer innovation, i.e. the acquisition and consumption of novel food types, has received little attention despite its predominance among animal innovations, and its potential implications for the ecology and evolution of species in a changing world. Results of the few studies that have investigated individual responses to novel foods suggest that various ecological, behavioral, and physiological variables may impact individual propensity for consumer innovation, but further work is needed to clarify these relationships. We investigated if urbanization, social rank, exploratory personality, and baseline levels of corticosterone predict food neophobia and consumer innovation responses of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (N=170) from 14 sites along an urbanization gradient. Our analyses do not support a link between food neophobia or consumer innovation and urbanization, dominance or exploratory personality. However, birds with higher levels of baseline corticosterone were quicker to contact novel food types, and more likely to consume novel foods than individuals with lower levels of the hormone. This finding suggests that physiological states that promote foraging behavior might drive individual responses to novel food. Additionally, we found that chickadees tested later in autumn were less neophobic than those tested earlier in the season, perhaps reflecting seasonal changes in food availability. Together, the ability of baseline corticosterone and date of capture to predict responses to novel food suggest that necessity may drive consumer innovation in chickadees.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data
FIGURE 3. Simplified time-calibrated chronogram of the Thamnophilidae showing relative ages of former members of the genus Myrmeciza and the main radiations in the family. Estimated stem ages of newly designated monotypic genera suggest that they diverged long ago from their closest relatives and provide additional support for their phenotypic, ecological, and behavioral distinctiveness. Bars at nodes indicate the 95% highest posterior density for the inferred divergence time estimates (Bravo 2012).
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data
FIGURE 2. Bayesian consensus tree of a subset of the Thamnophilinae, showing that Myrmeciza is polyphyletic (species names in these clades are emboldened). Members of Myrmeciza are placed in eight different well-supported clades in the Microrhopiini, Pithyini, and Pyriglenini. The color of the circles at nodes indicates posterior probability support,> 0.95 (black), 0.95–0.75 (gray), <0.75 (white).
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic revision of Myrmeciza (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data
FIGURE 1. Maximum-likelihood tree of a subset of the Thamnophilinae, showing that Myrmeciza is polyphyletic (species names in these clades are emboldened). Members of Myrmeciza are placed in eight different well-supported clades in the Microrhopiini, Pithyini, and Pyriglenini. The color of the circles at nodes indicates bootstrap support values,> 70% (black), 50- 70% (gray), <50% (white).
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 8. Specimen housed at Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP 10300), from Utiariti, MT, the second specimen of Bachia bresslaui to be known, here recognized as the recently described B. didactyla, showing the first supralabial merged with the nasal, and supraocular not touching the nasal.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 7. Variation on head scalation on Bachia bresslaui: A) the holotype from an unknown locality at São Paulo state (MZUSP 4737); B) from Brasilia, DF (MZUSP 91658), with a similar head scalation to the holotype; C) from an unknown locality (MZUSP 91599), showing contact between parietal and supralabial; D) from Bataguassu, MS (MZUSP 78211) also with parietal and supralabial in contact, and with no contact between frontal and nasal; E) from UHE Ponte de Pedra, MT (MZUSP 98760), showing seven supralabials, and also; F) from Itiquira, MT (MZUSP 99345).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 4. Distributional records of Bachia species of B. bresslaui group at the Central Brazil. Examined specimens are represented by symbols outlined in white; Type localities represented by central black dot. Two records of B. bresslaui at Planalto dos Gerais presented with an question mark were not examined and may represent B. geralista sp. nov. São Paulo state record presented with a question mark represents the unknown type locality for Bachia bresslaui.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 5. Habitat and microhabitat of Bachia geralista sp. nov., at Peruaçu valley region: (A) an individual and its track imprinted in the sandy soil; (B) typical cerrado vegetation found at the area; (C) a Pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense); (D) the large cover of leaves under a Pequi tree; (E) detail of soil profile covered by a large layer of leaves; (F) general view of the regenerated cerrado habitat, dominated by Porcada bushes (Copaifera martii).
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 6. Physiological and behavioral results: A) Box-plots represent maximum daily temperatures reached in the different microhabitats available to B. geralista sp. nov. Horizontal grey bars show temperatures voluntarily experienced by 10 individuals of B. geralista sp. nov. within laboratory thermal gradients. Dashed red line indicates highest temperature experienced by B. geralista sp. nov. in the lab, grey indicates voluntary maximum. B) Use of tail in one captive B. geralista sp. nov., arrow indicates cloacal region. C) Juveniles B. geralista sp. nov. grouped together within the terrarium.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 3. Paratypes of Bachia geralista sp. nov. (A) from Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, MG (MZUSP 99473) and (B) from São Desidério, BA (MZUSP 100021).
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 1. Lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views of the head of the holotype of Bachia geralista sp. nov. (MZUSP 99408). Bar represents 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 2. Living paratopotypes of Bachia geralista sp. nov. from Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, showing color pattern with a distinct dorsolateral yellowish stripe (A) and with a dorsolateral stripe faded (B).
Figure 6 in The Behavioral Ecology of Insect Vibrational Communication
Figure 6. Frequency spectra of vibrational signals (a through f) predicted to evolve in response to different combinations of receiver frequency selectivity and average substrate filtering properties. For example, when the substrate filtering is unpredictable or flat, use of signals containing a broad range of frequencies may ensure that some energy reaches the signaler (a). However, this strategy will only be successful if receivers are also broadly tuned; if receivers are selective for a narrow band of frequencies, signals should likewise be narrowly tuned (b). Use of hosts with different filtering properties (such as lowpass vs. bandpass filters, or bandpass filters with different best frequencies) may favor the evolution of different signals, a process that could contribute to speciation.
Figure 5 in The Behavioral Ecology of Insect Vibrational Communication
Figure 5. Female preference curve for signal frequency compared with the amplitude spectrum of a male advertisement signal for a treehopper (a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex occurring on the host plant Ptelea trifoliata in central Missouri). (a) Amplitude spectrum of a male advertisement signal that closely matches the mean frequency for the population. The waveform of that signal is shown above. (b) Proportion of females (n = 15) that responded to digitally generated signals that varied in carrier frequency while keeping all other traits at the mean value for the population. Playback stimuli were delivered by means of a magnet attached to the host plant stem and an electromagnet placed 2 millimeters away from the magnet. The stimuli and the female response calls were monitored with a PCB U352B65 accelerometer and U480E09 amplifier connected to a recording computer. Playback intensity was set to the median peak acceleration of the signals of nine males recorded on the playback plant.
Figure 4 in The Behavioral Ecology of Insect Vibrational Communication
Figure 4. Examples of complex vibrational signaling environments. (a) A male treehopper (Heteronotus trinodosus) producing advertisement signals in alternation with another male on the same stem. (b, c) Field recordings from two herbaceous plants in Soberanía National Park, Panama. Each recording contains signals of approximately four insect species, with one species signaling continuously (indicated with number 1 in panel b and number 3 in panel c). Scale bars = 1 second. It is difficult to gain from figures like these the impression one gets, when listening to vibrational signals in plants in the field, of an encounter with a mysterious and alien world of sound.
Figure 1 in The Behavioral Ecology of Insect Vibrational Communication
Figure 1. Prevalence of various signaling modalities among insects that use mechanical communication (categories from Greenfield 2002). The pie chart above shows an estimate obtained by tallying the number of families for which evidence of signaling in any given modality exists. The chart below shows a more speculative estimate obtained by counting the number of species for which such evidence is available; for groups in which reports suggest the use of a modality is widespread, or for which few reports exist but all have found use of a particular modality, we tallied the total number of described species in the group. We excluded instances of detection of incidental cues produced by conspecifics (e.g., we did not count detection of water surface vibrations by gyrinid beetles or of near-field vibrations by culicids and chironomids). We also excluded instances in which the vibration might be perceived through direct bodily contact (e.g., during copulatory courtship). Files with the references used to generate this figure are available on request from the authors. The distribution of signaling modalities among insect orders (phylogenetic tree from Gullan and Cranston 2000) suggests that the use of substrate vibrations for communication may be ancestral for at least some insect groups at the supraordinal level.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.