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450 results for “Egg parasitoids”
Host-specificity in Scelionid parasitoids: Arrestment, competition, and egg electrophysiology results
<p>This archive contains the raw data from a series of experiments with Trissolcus basalis and Trissolcus oenone to better understand the chemical basis mediating differences in host-specificity between these parasitoids. First, we compared the searching behaviour of T. basalis and T. oenone in open arena arrestment bioassays contaminated with footprint compounds from Nezara viridula and Cuspicona simplex. Trissolcus basalis spent four times longer searching for N. viridula than C. simplex, while T. oenone spent four times longer searching for C. simplex than N. viridula. We then conducted competition experiments to assess factors important to determining the outcomes of extrinsic and intrinsic contests between these parasitoids when they are simultaneously exposed to C. simplex egg masses. Trissolcus oenone, was the superior competitor in extrinsic and intrinsic contests. Finally, we recorded the antennal responses of T. basalis to egg extracts of N. viridula to tentatively identify potential contact kairomones used by this parasitoid to recognise and accept hosts.</p>
Figure 2. A in Identity of a Fairyfly (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Egg Parasitoid of the Endemic, Endangered Damselfly Megalagrion xanthomelas (Odonata: Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) on O'ahu, Hawai'i
Figure 2. A single egg of M. xanthomelas embedded in a leaf of Paederia foetida.
Fig. 2 in Effect of the oviposition period and age of the females of Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the emergence of egg parasitoids
Fig. 2. Emergence of adult parasitoids relative to number of eggs laid by Dalbulus maidis females.
Parasitoid development and superparasitism in invasive versus native widow spider host egg sacs
<p>The brown widow spider, <em>Latrodectus geometricus</em>, is a hazardous and highly invasive species globally. One of the suggested mechanisms enhancing this spider's invasiveness is lower susceptibility to natural enemies compared to other widow species. The parasitoid wasp, <em>Philolema latrodecti</em>, is known to attack egg sacs of <em>L. geometricus</em>, as well as those of other species of <em>Latrodectus</em>. Despite its potential importance as a natural enemy of <em>L. geometricus</em>, little is known about the development of this wasp and factors mediating its parasitism success. We investigated the development of this parasitoid in two widow spider host species, one native to Israel, the white widow, <em>L. pallidus</em>, and the invasive brown widow, <em>L. geometricus</em>. We compared wasp developmental success in egg sacs exposed to increasing wasp densities. We found increased wasp emergence and brood size, and smaller emerging wasp body size, with increasing wasp density. Across all wasp densities, more and larger parasitoids developed in the egg sacs of the native host species, <em>L. pallidus</em>, compared to the invasive host species, <em>L. geometricus</em>. Parasitoid sex ratio was highly female-biased and the proportion of males increased with wasp density, suggesting local mate competition. Overall, our results suggest that <em>L. pallidus</em> is a better host for the egg sac parasitoid <em>P. latrodecti</em>, which could give a competitive advantage to the less-affected invasive brown widow spider.</p>
Fig. 1 in Distributional range of the South African maritime spider-egg parasitoid wasp, Echthrodesis lamorali (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Scelioninae)
Fig. 1. Lateral view of the habitus of a female Echthrodesis lamorali Masner specimen.
Parasitoid development and superparasitism in invasive versus native widow spider host egg sacs
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Figure 4 in Description and biology of two new egg parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of Heliconiini butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Panama
Figure 4. Trichogramma soberania sp. nov., holotype male (a) genitalia, ventral view; (b) genital, dorsal view; (c) antenna; (d) veins of fore wing.
Supplementary material 1 from: Triapitsyn SV, Andreason SA, Power N, Ganjisaffar F, Fusu L, Dominguez C, Perring TM (2020) Two new species of Ooencyrtus (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), egg parasitoids of the bagrada bug Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), with taxonomic notes on Ooencyrtus telenomicida. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 76: 57-98. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.48004
Measurements used in the multivariate ratio analysis for Ooencyrtus mirus Triapitsyn & Power and O. telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
Data from: Reprograming of epigenetic mechanisms controlling host insect immunity and development in response to egg-laying by a parasitoid wasp
<p>Parasitoids are insects that use other insects as hosts. They sabotage host cellular and humoral defenses to promote the survival of their offspring by injecting viruses and venoms along with their eggs. Many pathogens and parasites disrupt host epigenetic mechanisms to overcome immune system defenses, and we hypothesized that parasitoids may utilize the same strategy. We used the ichneumon wasp Pimpla turionellae as a model idiobiont parasitoid to test this hypothesis, with pupae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella as the host. We found that parasitoid infestation involves the suppression of host immunity-related effector genes and the modulation of host genes involved in developmental hormone signaling. The transcriptional reprogramming of host genes following the injection of parasitoid eggs was associated with changes in host epigenetic mechanisms. The introduction of parasitoids resulted in a transient decrease in host global DNA methylation and the modulation of acetylation ratios for specific histones. Genes encoding regulators of histone acetylation and deacetylation were mostly downregulated in the parasitized pupae, suggesting that parasitoids can suppress host transcription. We also detected a strong parasitoid-specific effect on host microRNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that parasitoids may favor the survival of their offspring by interfering with host epigenetic mechanisms to suppress the immune system and disrupt development.</p>
Data from: The link between host density and egg production in a parasitoid insect: comparison between agricultural and natural habitats
1. Theory predicts that organisms should invest in overcoming a factor that may limit their reproductive success in direct proportion to their probability of being limited by it. The occurrence of egg limitation (where female insects deplete their eggs while oviposition opportunities are still available) is predicted to impose selection for increased fecundity at the expense of other fitness components. 2. We tested the hypothesis that the fecundity of a proovigenic parasitoid (where females emerge with their full egg load) should be positively correlated with the mean expectation for oviposition opportunities in the environment. More specifically, we tested whether females from agricultural systems, where hosts are often relatively abundant, emerge with more eggs than those from natural habitats. 3. We studied the proovigenic parasitoid wasp Anagrus daanei, which parasitizes eggs of leafhoppers of the genus Erythroneura. Erythroneura spp. leafhoppers feed on Vitis spp. (grapes) and are major pests of commercial vineyards as well as common herbivores of wild Vitis californica, which grows in riparian habitats. We sampled leafhoppers and parasitoids from eight vineyards and eight riparian habitats in central California. 4. We found that leafhopper density was higher at vineyards than in riparian habitats, whereas leafhopper egg size and parasitoid body size did not differ among these habitat types. Parasitoids from vineyards had higher egg loads than parasitoids from wild grapes, and fecundity was positively related to host density across field sites. Parasitoid egg volume was larger in natural sites; however, this variation was not significantly correlated with host density across field sites. Within a single population of parasitoids collected from a vineyard, parasitoid egg load was negatively correlated with longevity, suggesting a trade-off between reproduction and lifespan. 5. The results may be explained by a rapid evolution of reproductive traits in response to oviposition opportunities; or alternatively, by the occurrence of maternal effects on the fecundity of daughters based on the foraging experience of their mothers. 6. The ability of parasitoid fecundity to track mean host availability may strengthen the ability of parasitoids to suppress the population densities of their hosts, and hence may represent an important ecological or eco-evolutionary feedback.
FIGURES 7–10 in A new species of Emersonella (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoid on weevil eggs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), from Costa Rica
FIGURES 7–10. Juvenile stages of Emersonella curculiovora sp. nov. 7. Host egg case (arrow) on stem of Cinnamomum cinnamomifolium. 8. Mature larva (arrow) in situ (host's cementenclosure partially removed). 9. Dorsal view of a female pupa (note meconium around the ovipositor). 10. Mature pupa (arrow) in situ (host's cementenclosure cement partially removed).
FIGURES 1–4 in A new species of Emersonella (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), parasitoid on weevil eggs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), from Costa Rica
FIGURES 1–4. Emersonella curculiovora sp.nov. 1. Head frontal, female. 2. Head and pronotum dorsal, female. 3. Mesosoma dorsal, female. 4. Apical gastral tergite dorsal, female.
FIGURES 32–34. Gonatocerus spp. 32 in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 32–34. Gonatocerus spp. 32. Antenna of G. sp. near impar (female, Temecula, California). 33. Antenna of G. sp. near impar/incomptus (female, Hopland, California). 34. Antenna of G. sp. near impar (female, Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona).
FIGURES 21–24 in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 21–24. Gonatocerus ashmeadi (female). 21. Pedicel and basal funicle segments. 22. Mesosomal sternum. 23. Propodeum. 24. Forewing.
FIGURES 26–28. Gonatocerus spp. 26, 27. G. u in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 26–28. Gonatocerus spp. 26, 27. G. u at (female). 26. Pedicel and basal funicle segments. 27. Forewing. 28. Forewing of G. novifasciatus (female).
FIGURES 18, 19. 18 in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 18, 19. 18. Gonatocerus fasciatus (female). Photo by Jack Kelly Clark, University of California. 19. Exit holes of G. fasciatus (parasitized egg mass of Oncometopia orbona on gardenia leaf).
FIGURES 9–13. Gonatocerus spp. 9 in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 9–13. Gonatocerus spp. 9. Genitalia of G. morrilli (male). 10–13. G. walkerjonesi. 10. Antenna (female). 11. Propodeum (female). 12. Forewing (female). 13. Antenna (male).
FIGURES 5–8. Gonatocerus spp. 5–7. G. m o in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 5–8. Gonatocerus spp. 5–7. G. m o rg a n i. 5. Forewing (female). 6. Antenna (male). 7. Genitalia (male). 8. Propodeum of G. morrilli (female).
FIGURES 15–17. Gonatocerus spp. 15, 16. G in A key to the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) egg parasitoids of proconiine sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Nearctic region, with description of two new species of Gonatocerus
FIGURES 15–17. Gonatocerus spp. 15, 16. G. atriclavus (female). 15. Antenna. 16. Forewing. 17. Forewing of G. fasciatus (female).
FIGURE 16 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 16. Distribution maps: A B. matthewi, B. moorei; B B. murphyi, B. mymyae; C B. ocellatus, B. prolatusspissus; D B. saliens, B. scrobiculus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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