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Fig. 1 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 1. Vertical HSB configuration as figured by Quenstedt (1852: pl. 2: 1 [A]; pl. 3: 35 [B]). A. Occlusial view with HBS in the extoloph. B. Orienation and bifiurcation of the HSB in tangential aspect.

Fig. 5 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 5. Transverse HSB configuration in Equoidea. A. Lower molar of Mesohippus sp. (KOE 1509); late Eocene–early Oligocene, Toadstool Park area, Nebraska, USA. The transverse HSB are to be seen in the tangential section. Note also the transversely oriented perikymata on the outer enamel surface. Both structures are independent from each other. B. Upper molar of Palaeotherium sp. (KOE 4050); upper Eocene, Frohnstetten, Germany; transverse HSB visible in the translucent enamel of the paracone from the outside.

Fig. 14 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of the stratigraphic occurrence of the four configurations of Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB) found in the various perissodactyl families. The range data of the families are taken from McKenna and Bell (1997). All four types occurred during the Paleogene in several families. The compound HSB configuration did not reach the Neogene. The three other types are represented by one family each in the extant fauna: the transverse HSB configuration in Equidae, the curved HSB configuration in Tapiridae, and the vertical HSB configuration in Rhinocerotidae.

Fig. 13 in Diversity and evolution of Hunter-Schreger Band configuration in tooth enamel of perissodactyl mammals

Fig. 13. Schematic hypothesis of the evolutionary interrelationship of the four configurations of Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB) found in Perissodactyla. From the basal transverse HSB configuration evolved the curved HSB configuration on the one hand. On the other hand the compound HSB configuration evolved and gave rise to the vertical HSB configuration in Rhinocerotidae.

Fig. 5 in Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band microstructure to enamel microwear features: New insights from durophagous carnivores

Fig. 5. Box plots of microwear features across HSB categories in p4 (A–D) and m1 (E–H) specimens. Boxes represent inter−quartile ranges, horizontal lines within boxes are medians; vertical lines show upper and lower limits, and asterisks represent outliers. Abbreviations: a, acute−angled undulating HSB; u, undulating HSB; z, zig−zag HSB.

Fig. 1 in Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band microstructure to enamel microwear features: New insights from durophagous carnivores

Fig. 1. Tooth positions examined in the study, shown on a spotted hyena dentary. Black squares indicate the approximate size of the area examined during each trial. Note the exposed areas of dentine on the shear facet of m1; all trials were done on the enamel portion of the teeth only.

Fig. 3 in Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band microstructure to enamel microwear features: New insights from durophagous carnivores

Fig. 3. Method of enamel microstructure analysis. A. Three regions of the tooth crown were examined for Hunter−Schreger Bands (HSB), representing top, middle, and bottom thirds of the crown. One of three types of HSB was recorded for each region. B. Examples of a region with mostly (> 50%) zig−zag HSB. C. Region with acute−angled undulating HSB (note that some zig−zag HSB is also present, e.g., indicated by a dotted circle). D. Undulating HSB.

Fig. 6 in Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band microstructure to enamel microwear features: New insights from durophagous carnivores

Fig. 6. Plots of mean values and 95% confidence intervals for binned HSB categories in p4 (A–D) and m1 (E–H) specimens. Mean values are connected in fossil samples to show trend. Abbreviations: a, acute−angled undulating HSB; u, undulating HSB; z, zig−zag HSB.

Fig. 7 in Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band microstructure to enamel microwear features: New insights from durophagous carnivores

Fig. 7. Intra−dentition evolution of HSB microstructure in fossil Canidae (A) and Hyaenidae (B). Phylogenies for fossil canids based on Wang (1994) and Wang et al. (1999), and for hyaenids based on Werdelin and Solounias (1991). Progressively more derived HSB patterns are indicated by darker shades of grey. Abbreviations: a, acute−angled undulating HSB; u, undulating HSB; z, zig−zag HSB.

Fig. 2 in Connecting Hunter-Schreger Band microstructure to enamel microwear features: New insights from durophagous carnivores

Fig. 2. Examples of microwear features examined. A. Labial (buccal) wear facet on p4 of the extant spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta Erxleben, 1777 (cast of MVZ173771), showing a typical specimen with moderate tooth crown attrition. B. Examples of small (thin) scratches (MVZ173771). C. Examples of large (thick) scratches (C. crocuta, MVZ165179). D. Examples of small pits (Borophagus secundus VanderHoof, 1931, UCMP30479). E. Examples of large pits (C. crocuta, MVZ165160). F. p4 crown surface of the African hunting dog Lycaon pictus Temminck, 1820 (MVZ4842); note paucity of microwear features. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 11. A in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 11. A. Phylogeny of the Proboscidea (based on Tassy 1990). B. Cladogram of the Elephantidae, depicting the phylogenetic relationships of Mammuthus to the other elephant taxa (based on Tassy 1990 and Thomas et al. 2000).

Fig. 9 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 9. Chemical compositional microanalysis of M. meridionalis enamel (IGF 13730b). The analysis of the outer enamel layer revealed, beside the presence of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P), the occurrence of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), interpreted as diagenetic secondary elements. The chlorine (Cl) signal is due to the use of HCl to etch the enamel section. CPS, counts per second.

Fig. 10 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 10. Enamel thickness differentiation in four successive European mammoth samples. Descriptive statistics are given in Table 2.

Fig. 8 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of the sagittal section of the leading and trailing enamel crests of a lower molar plate, showing the convex outline of the enamel crests, the direction of enamel prisms (arrows) in the middle enamel layer, and the chewing direction. The latter is determined by the relative movement of the opposite teeth during mastication.

Fig. 4 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 4. Enamel types in the molars of Early Pleistocene southern mammoth, Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti); Upper Valdarno, Italy. A. IGF 13730a; M2, tangential section of enamel at the EDJ, viewed toward the OES; occlusal surface at top; almost all prisms are sectioned perpendicularly to their long axis and are irregularly packed. B. IGF 13730b; M3. B1. Sagittal section of inner enamel layer made up of 3−D enamel; arrows show the directions of three prism bundles surrounding a central triangular area with prisms directed perpendicularly to the figure plane; occlusal surface at top. B2. Reflected light micrograph of the same sample as in B1; occlusal surface at top; the optic−fiber effect of prisms evidences the complex structure of the inner enamel layer, along the EDJ, and the wavy HSB in the middle layer. The OES, in contact with the cement (c), is particularly irregular. C. Sagittal section of enamel middle layer com− Ą

Fig. 3 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 3. Variability of the enamel prism cross−sections in the molars of Early Pleistocene southern mammoth, Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti); Upper Valdarno, Italy. A. IGF 13730a; M2. A1. Sagittal section of inner enamel layer with prisms showing a keyhole cross−section. A2. Horizontal section of middle enamel layer; prism cross−sections show a ginko−leaf pattern. A3. Horizontal section of outer enamel layer with prisms showing arch−shaped cross−sections and frequent fusion with adjacent prisms. B. IGF 13730b; M3. B1. Tangential section of enamel outer layer, near the ECJ, showing prisms with square cross−sections, surrounded by abundant IPM. B2. Orientation as in D, but at higher magnification, showing the thick interprismatic matrix (IPM) between the prisms (P). IPM cristallites are parallel to the prisms. C. IGF 1147; M3; oblique section through enamel middle and outer layers showing how prism cross−sections vary from the EDJ (top, left) to the OES (bottom, right).

Fig. 6 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 6. Enamel types and growth structures in the molars of early Pleistocene southern mammoth. A, B. Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti); Upper Valdarno, Italy. A. IGF 13730b; M3. A1. Reflected light micrograph of a sagittal section of a molar plate tubercle, showing thin HSB in the innermost portion of enamel; occlusal end at top. A2. SEM micrograph of the same sample as in A1, showing the thin, straight and only slightly decussating HSB. B. IGF 145; dp3, sagittal section of the middle enamel layer made up by strongly decussating HSB; EDJ at left, occlusal surface at top. C. Schematic representation of a sagittal section of upper molar enamel of M. meridionalis, based on a thin section prepared from specimen IGF 13730b. The drawing outlines a set of incremental lines (striae of Retzius) in the center of the middle enamel layer. Morphological details of the OES are showed.

Fig. 2 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of a mammoth lower molar. Anatomical features, distribution of dental hard−tissues on the occlusal surface, and principal directions are shown.

Fig. 1 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 1. Chronological distribution of Mammuthus species in Europe and ages of fossil samples considered in this study.

Fig. 7 in Structure and evolution of mammoth molar enamel

Fig. 7. Schematic representation of the sagittal section of opposite Mammuthus molars, showing details of the occlusal surface.