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91 results for “Environmental temperature”
Data from: Spatial and temporal variation in nest temperatures forecasts sex ratio skews in a crocodilian with environmental sex determination
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Data from: Insect rate-temperature relationships: environmental variation and the metabolic theory of ecology
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Data from: Patterns of activity and body temperature of Aldabra giant tortoises in relation to environmental temperature
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Canopy temperature, sap flux, and environmental drivers.
<p>Canopy temperature, sap flux, and environmental drivers collected at Virginia Forest Research Facility, University of Virginia.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: The environmental determinants of total evaporative water loss in birds at multiple temperatures
<p>Endotherms dissipate heat to the environment to maintain a stable body temperature at high ambient temperatures, which requires them to maintain a balance between heat dissipation and water conservation. Birds are relatively small, contain a large amount of metabolically expensive tissue, and are mostly diurnal, making them susceptible to physiological challenges related to water balance and heat dissipation. We compiled total evaporative water loss (TEWL) measurements for 172 species of birds exposed to different temperatures and used comparative methods to examine their relationships with body size, ambient temperature, precipitation, diet, and diel activity cycle. TEWL in the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was associated primarily with body mass and activity phase. Larger and more active-phase birds, with their higher metabolic rates, lost more water through evaporation than smaller, resting-phase birds, particularly at higher thermal exposures. However, maximum temperature of the natural habitat became an important determinant of TEWL when birds were exposed to temperatures exceeding the TNZ. Species from hotter climates exhibited higher TEWL. Adaptation to arid climates did not restrict evaporative water loss at thermal conditions within the TNZ, but promoted evaporative water loss at exposures above the TNZ. The TEWL of granivores, which ingest food with low water content, differed little from species with other food habitats under all thermal conditions. The effects of environmental covariates of TEWL was dissimilar across thermal exposures, suggesting no evidence for a trade-off between water conservation in the TNZ and heat dissipation at exposure to higher temperatures. Thus, birds may be able to acclimate when climate change results in the need to increase heat dissipation due to warming, except perhaps in hot, arid environments where species will need to depend heavily upon evaporative cooling to maintain homeothermy.</p>
Data from: The influence of environmental gradients on individual behaviour: individual plasticity is consistent across risk and temperature gradients
1. The expression of individual behaviour as a function of environmental variation (behavioural plasticity) is recognised as a means for animals to modify their phenotypes in response to changing conditions. Plasticity has been studied extensively in recent years, leading to an accumulation of evidence for behavioural plasticity within natural populations. 2. Despite the recent attention given to studying individual variation in behavioural plasticity, there is still a lack of consensus regarding its causes and constraints. One pressing question related to this is whether individual plasticity carries over across temporal and environmental gradients. That is, are some individuals more plastic (responsive) than others in general? 3. Here, we examined the influence of temporal and environmental gradients on individual behavioural responses in a marine gastropod, Littoraria irrorata. We measured individual boldness repeatedly over time and in response to tidal cycle (high vs low an index of risk) and daily temperature fluctuations (known to affect metabolism), in a controlled field experiment. 4. On average, boldness increased from high to low tide and with increasing temperature but decreased marginally over time. Individuals also differed in their responses to variation in tide and temperature, but not over time. Those that were relatively bold at high tide (when predation risk is greater) were similarly bold at low tide, whereas shy individuals became much more 'bold' at low tide. Most notably, individuals that were more responsive to tide (and thus risk) were also more responsive to temperature changes, meaning that plasticity was correlated across contexts (r = 0.57) and that bolder individuals were least plastic overall. 5. This study provides a rare and possibly first example of consistency of individual behavioural plasticity across contexts, suggesting underlying physiology as a common mechanism, and raises the possibility of correlational selection on plasticity.
Data from: Disentangling environmental drivers of metabolic flexibility in birds: the importance of temperature extremes versus temperature variability
Examining physiological traits across large spatial scales can shed light on the environmental factors driving physiological variation. For endotherms, flexibility in aerobic metabolism is especially important for coping with thermally challenging environments and recent research has shown that aerobic metabolic scope [the difference between maximum thermogenic capacity (Msum) and basal metabolic rate (BMR)] increases with latitude in mammals. One explanation for this pattern is the climatic variability hypothesis, which predicts that flexibility in aerobic metabolism should increase as a function of local temperature variability. An alternative explanation is the cold adaptation hypothesis, which predicts that cold temperature extremes may also be an important driver of variation in metabolic scope. To determine the thermal drivers of aerobic metabolic flexibility in birds, we combined data on metabolic scope from 40 bird species sampled across a range of environments with several indices of local ambient temperature. Using phylogenetically-informed analyses, we found that minimum winter temperature was the best predictor of variation in avian metabolic scope, outperforming all other thermal variables. Additionally, Msum was a better predictor of latitudinal patterns of metabolic scope than BMR, with species inhabiting colder environments exhibiting increased Msum over their counterparts in warmer environments. Taken together, these results suggest that cold temperature extremes drive latitudinal patterns of metabolic scope via selection for enhanced thermogenic performance in cold environments, supporting the cold adaptation hypothesis. Temperature extremes may therefore be an important selective pressure driving macrophysiological trends of aerobic performance in endotherms.
Fig 9 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 9 Frequencies of Patanga japonica last instar nymphs that hatched on June 14, July 21, and August 12 and reared in a group in outdoor cages. For black patterning grades, see Fig. 1.
Fig 8 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 8 Effects of visual stimuli from five nymphs on the induction of black patterns in isolated-reared nymphs of Patanga japonica. A. Experimental setup; B. Frequencies of last instar test nymphs in different black patterning grades; C. Body colors in the three grades observed. For black patterning grades, see Fig. 1.
Fig 7 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 7 Solitary-reared (A, grade 1), group-reared (B, grade 5), and CRZ-injected (C, grade 5) last instar nymphs of Patanga japonica at 30°C and individual reared in a group at 34°C (D, grade 2). The individual in C was reared in isolation and green when injected with 1 nmol CRZ at the fourth stadium. For black patterning grades, see Fig. 1.
Fig 6 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 6 Effects of crowding on the frequencies of Patanga japonica last instar nymphs in different black patterning grades in black, yellow-green (Y-green), and white containers. Five nymphs were reared in each container from May 31 to August 15 at room temperature (25.1°C on average). For black patterning grades, see Fig. 1.
Fig 5 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 5 Body color of Patanga japonica nymphs reared in a group at room temperature. Black patterns appeared at the second stadium onward. The penultimate and last nymphal instars were identified based on wing pad size.
Fig 4 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 4 Effects of substrate color on the frequencies of Patanga japonica last instar nymphs with different background body colors (A), with reddish legs (B), and in different black patterning grades (C). Nymphs were reared individually in black, yellow-green (Y-green) and white containers from May 31 to August 15 at room temperature (25.1°C on average). Different letters in B indicate significant differences in proportions by a χ2 test at 5%. For body colors and black patterning grades, see Fig. 1.
Fig 2 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 2 Variation in body color of Patanga japonica last instar nymphs. Photographs were taken on September 1 (A), October 11 (B), October 21 (C), November 11 (D), September 29 (E), and September 27, 2021 (F).
Fig 3 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 3 Proportions of green and non-green Patanga japonica last instar nymphs observed at a study site in Tsukuba in 2021.
Fig 14 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 14 Body color of Patanga japonica adults. A–D. Variation in body color in field-collected adults; E. Adult reared at 34°C; F. Adults on leaf litter (yellow arrows); G. Non-pigmented and reddish hindwings observed in adults before (left) and after overwintering (right). Black male adult in D was collected on July 7, 2021. Scales are adjusted to make body sizes approximately equal except for F.
Fig 13 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 13 Examples of exuviae shed by Patanga japonica last instar nymphs after various treatments. Exuviae had no color with only a thin black line on the hind femurs in singly reared green nymphs (A), black patterns with a yellow background color in crowd-reared nymphs kept at room temperature (B), and in corazonin-injected nymphs kept at a high temperature (C), and had a few black areas with a bright yellow background color in the thoracic area in nymphs reared at a high temperature (D).
Fig 11 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 11 Body color of Patanga japonica adults that were injected with oil alone (left) or 1 nmol CRZ (right) at the fourth stadium and a darkened uninjected old female observed on June 18 in an outdoor cage (bottom).
Fig 12 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 12 Effect of high temperature on black patterning in Patanga japonica. Frequencies of last instar nymphs in different grades after transfer from outdoor conditions to 34°C and LD 12:12h at the third stadium (September 28, 2022) or kept outdoors continuously as a control (A). Examples showing body color variation at the last nymphal instar under outdoor conditions (B–E) and at 34°C (F–H). Last instar nymph that was injected with CRZ at the fourth stadium and then singly kept at 34°C (I). Black patterning grades are based on Fig. 1.
Fig 1 from: Tanaka S, Kayukawa T (2024) Environmental and hormonal control of body-color polyphenism in Patanga japonica (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Effects of substrate color, crowding, temperature and [His7]-corazonin injection. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.98133
Fig 1 Examples of the different body colors of the last instar nymphs of Patanga japonica observed during experiments. A. Variation in background color; B. Black patterning grades; C. Nymphs with green and reddish legs. In B, grade 1, no black patterns and only brownish spots or patterns on the abdomen; grade 2, black patterns on the abdomen and some or no brown spots on the thorax; grade 3, distinct black patterns both on the thorax and abdomen but the lateral sides of pronotum without black spots; grade 4, as in grade 3 but the lateral sides of pronotum with distinct black spots; grade 5, as in grade 4 but the lateral sides of pronotum with black markings.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.